Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Clostridium piliforme
__________ is a common predisposing faxtor for and host response to Clostridial infection.
Necrosis is a common predisposing faxtor for and host response to Clostridial infection.
Diagnose Clostridium septicum
Direct Fluorescent antibody staining
Pathogenesis of Clostridium chauvoei
Exogenous infections occur through wounds → Result in anaerobic environement → Deposited endospores germinate and multiply → Toxins elaborated during growth cause more tissue destruction → Fermentation of muscle glycogen results in gas accumulation → Metabolic end products have distinctive smells
Cause and Disease
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
Diagnosis of anaerobic, non spore forming, gram negative rods
PCR
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium difficile
Virulence factor of Fusobacterium necrophorum
Leukotoxin
Clostridium piliforme is an obligate (intra/extra)-cellular pathogen
Clostridium piliforme is an obligate (intra/extra)-cellular pathogen
Descending tetanus occurs in (more/less) susceptible animals.
Descending tetanus occurs in (more/less) susceptible animals.
Early symptoms of infection in mammals involve hind limb paralysis, skeletal muscle paralysis leads to respiratory failure.
Clostridium botulinum
Exogenous, causes gas gangrene and Big Head in rams
Clostridium novyi, Type A
Diverse group of organisms with toxin types A-G. Toxin type determines the species affinity, causes botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium _____ toxin causes enterotoxemia, pulp kidney disease and overeating disease
Clostridium D toxin causes enterotoxemia, pulp kidney disease and overeating disease
Causes symmetrical flaccid paralysis
Clostridium botulinum
Cause and Disease
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Produce black iron porphyrin pigments
Porphyromonas spp
Prevotella spp
___________ is contraindicated in horses for treatment of Clostridium difficile.
Clindamycin is contraindicated in horses for treatment of Clostridium difficile.
Why can’t you use aminoglycoside antibiotics for anaerobic infections?
Aminoglycoside transport mechanisms require oxygen.
Cause
Clostridium septicum
Cause
Clostridium perfringens
Cause and Disease
(Rear Leg Paralysis)
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Pathogenesis of Clostridium novyi, Type B
Spores in the intestine reach liver and remain dormant in Kupffer cells → Traumatic damage by liver fluke → Anaerobic condition → Germination of spores → hepatits
Diagnose Clostrdium difficile
Direct toxin detection
Ascending tetanus
Toxin travels from the regional motor nerve in the limb, tetanus develops in limbs first then spred to other parts
Causes Black Leg in calves
Clostridium chauvoei
Diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum
Toxin in serum of animal
Toxin in food/stomach contents
MALDI-TOF
Gram (positive/negative) anaerobic bacteria are typically non spore forming.
Gram (positive/negative) anaerobic bacteria are typically non spore forming.
Why are antimicrobials not indicated for Clostridium perfringens?
Toxins cause disease, not the actual bacteria
_________ is one of the most lethal toxins from Clostridium perfringens and is considered a bioterrorism agent.
Epsilon is one of the most lethal toxins from Clostridium perfringens and is considered a bioterrorism agent.
Acute, fatal diarrheal disease of lab animals with associated focal liver necrosis
Clostridium piliforme
Cause
(Necrotizing myositis)
Clostridium septicum
C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. hemolyticum, C. sordellii and C. perfringens are considtered ________________ clostridia
C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. hemolyticum, C. sordellii and C. perfringens are considtered histotoxic clostridia
Cause necrotic dermatitis in chicken
Clostridium septicum
Endogenous, causes Black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis), predisposed by fluke damage
Clostridium novyi, Type B
Gram (positive/negative) anaerobic bacteria can be spore forming and non spore forming.
Gram (positive/negative) anaerobic bacteria can be spore forming and non spore forming.
Malignant edema, exogenous infection through wounds or through dormant spores present in muscle tissue, fatal toxemia.
Clostridium septicum
Treatment of Clostridium difficile
Electrolytes/Fluids
Probiotics
Identification methods for anaerobic bacteria
Biochemical test kits
16S rRNA gene sequencing
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Potant neurotoxin produced by C. tetani
Tetanospasmin
Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile
Tox A (enterotoxin) and Tox B (cytotoxin)
_________________
Work synergistically
Toxins are preformed in a variety of sources including decaying vegetable matter, meat, fish, carcasses and invertebrates. Animals become infected when ingested
Clostridium botulinum
______________________
A gram of dried flesh may have enough botulinum toxin to kill a cow
Virulence Factor of Dichelobacter nodosus
Fimbraie, Proteases
Obligate Anaerobes
Do not tolerate oxygen
C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. spiroforme and C. colinum are ____________ Clostridial species.
C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. spiroforme and C. colinum are Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxigenic Clostridial species.
Causes spastic paralysis
Clostridium tetani
Ascending tetanus occurs in (more/less) susceptible animals.
Ascending tetanus occurs in (more/less) susceptible animals.
Produce terminal endospores, widespread in soil and feces and grows in contaminated wounds. Produce toxins that prevent the release of neurotransmitters.
Clostridium tentani
Cause
Fusobacterium necrophorum
______________________
Foot rot, calf diphtheria, liver abscess
Highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep, emphysematous sweling, and crepitant swelling develop. 100% fatality
Clostridium chauvoei
Clostridium perfringens have _______ major toxins.
Clostridium perfringens have four major toxins.
Causes enterocolitis due to disruption of normal flora and proliferation of bacteria and toxin production. Risk factors include recent antibiotic therapy, increased age and hospitalization
Clostridium difficile
Cause Braxy in sheep
Clostridium septicum
Overeating Disease
Fluid-distended intestine with petechial haemorrhage on serosal surfaces
_______________
Caused by C. perfringens type D
Cause
Clostridium difficile
Diagnose Clostridium tetani infection
History and Clinical Signs
Endogenous infection causes liver damage and bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep
Clostridium hemolyticum
(Clostridium novyi, Type D)
Toxin of Clostridium botulinum is absorbed and distributed in
Toxin of Clostridium botulinum is absorbed and distributed in the bloodstream
Commensal bacteria of rabbits. Produces iota toxin and causes enterotoxemia and explosive diarrheal disease.
Clostridium spiroforme
Direct fluorescent antibody staining tests are available for what Clostridial species
C. chauvoei
C. septicum
C. novyi
Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens
Microscopic Examination
Culture - grows well!
Toxin detection
Biological Assay
Serological Tests
Tetanolysin promotes
tissue invasion
Clinical signs of an anaerobic infection
Foul smelling
Gas
Necrotic tissue, abscesses
Pyogranulomatous lesions with sulfur granules
Mucous membrane infection
Don’t respond to aminoglycosides
Absent growth in aerobic culture
Treatment of Clostridium perfringens
Hyperimmune serum
Toxins are produced in decaying carcass in which maggots ingest and concentrate the toxin. Aquatic birds ingest the maggot and continues the cycle.
Clostridium botulinum
Disease and Cause
Overeating disease
Clostridium perfringens type D
Clostridium _____ toxin causes necrotizing enteritis in piglets
Clostridium C toxin causes necrotizing enteritis in piglets
Treatment of Clostridium septicum
Penicillin
____________________
Only effective if given early
Describe the pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani
Wound infection by C. tetani → Toxin produced in wounds → Toxin enters motor nerves → Retrograde transport allows entrance into neuromuscular endings of motor nerves → Prevent release of NT, glycine and GABA → Spastic paralysis
Clostridium _____ toxin causes necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis in multiple species.
Clostridium A toxin causes necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis in multiple species.
T/F: Anti-diarrheals are a good treatment therapy for Clostridium Difficile
False
___________________
Can cause accumulation of toxin
Anaerobic bacteria are present in all __________ of mammals
Anaerobic bacteria are present in all mucous membranes of mammals
Treatment for Clostridium botulinum
Antitoxin (unbound toxin only)
Therapeutic drugs to increase acetylcholine release
Supportive Care
Pulpy Kidney Disease
Rapid post mortem autolysis of kidneys
___________________
Caused by C. perfringens type D
Disease and Cause
Pulp Kidney Disease
Clostridium perfringens type D
Lincomycin, Clindamycin and Erythromycin are contraindicated in treating Clostridium spiroforme infections in rabbits because
Lincomycin, Clindamycin and Erythromycin are contraindicated in treating Clostridium spiroforme infections in rabbits because they induce Clostridium related enterotoxemia
Descending tetanus
Toxin travels in the blood stream affects motor nerve centers in the head and neck first and then spread to the limbs
Treatment of anaerobic, non spore forming, gram negative rods
Remove necrotic tissue
Antiseptic foot baths
Penicillin / Metronidazole / Clindamycin
Causes foot rot in sheep, extensive necrosis and keratinolysis in severe cases
Dichelobacter nodosus
Growth of Clostridia in the body requires _________ conditions.
Growth of Clostridia in the body requires anaerobic conditions.
Causes foot rot, hepatic abcesses, calf diphteria in cattle
Fusubacteriumm necrophorum
Widespread in nature in soil and intestines, produce more types of toxins thatn any other bacterial group.
Clostridium spp
Causes Tyzzer’s disease
Clostridium piliforme
Treatment of Clostridium tetani
Antitoxin
Anti-tetanus equine serum
Antimicrobial treatment
Debridement of wounds
Supportive care
