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Pharma Review > General Pharma > Flashcards

General Pharma Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the amount of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

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2
Q

used to determine the safety and efficacy of generic drug

A

bioequivalence

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3
Q

measures the dose or concentration required to bring about 50% of the drug’s maximal effect

A

potency/ EC50

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4
Q

dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect

A

ED50/ median effective dose

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5
Q

dose at which 50% of the animals manifest a particular toxic effect

A

TD50/ median toxic dose

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6
Q

transfer of drug from site of administration to bloodstream

A

absorption

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7
Q

refers the apparent volume into which the drug is able to distribute

A

volume of distribution

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8
Q

elimination of drug at a constant rate

A

zero order kinetics

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9
Q

elimination at a rate that is proportional to the serum concentration of the drug

A

first order kinetics

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10
Q

addition of a polar moiety (sulfate, acetate or glucuronate)

A

phase II metabolism

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11
Q

use of CYP 450 system oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis

A

phase I metabolism

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12
Q

describes the rate at which a specific drug is cleared from the system

A

clearance

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13
Q

refers to the amount of time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease to half of its value after the administration of the drug has been stopped

A

half life ( t 1/2)

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14
Q

defined as the single amount of drug that is needed achieve a desired plasma concentration quickly

A

loading dose

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15
Q

amount of drug that must be given over time to maintain desired plasma concentration

A

maintenance dose

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16
Q

used as a measure of drugs safety

A

therapeutic index

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17
Q

formula for therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50

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18
Q

refers to the dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose and minimum toxic concentration or dose

A

therapeutic window

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19
Q

substance that shifts the graded dose-response curve to the right

A

competitive antagonist

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20
Q

substance that does not produce the same maximum effect and is exhibited by a decrease in the Emax

A

partial antagonist

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21
Q

substance that depress the graded-dose response curve

A

noncompetitive antagonist

22
Q

an antagonist that interacts directly with the agonist and not at all or only incidentally with the receptor

A

chemical antagonist

23
Q

the action of the drug on the body

A

pharmacodynamics

24
Q

the action of the body on the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

25
Q

permeation that is governed by Fick’s Law

A

liquid diffusion aqueous diffusion

26
Q

permeation that is saturable and inhibitable

A

carrier-mediated transport

27
Q

adverse effect that is infrequently observed in most patients

A

idiosyncratic reactions

28
Q

responsiveness diminishes rapidly after drug administration

A

tachyphylaxis

29
Q

induction of developmental defects in the fetus

A

teratogenesis

30
Q

induction of malignant characteristics in cells

A

carcinogenesis

31
Q

induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age

A

mutagenesis

32
Q

Cytochrome P450 INDUCERS

A

[Ethel Booba takes Phen-Phen and Refuses Greasy Carb Shakes]
Ethanol (chronic ingestion)
Barbiturates exc. Secobarbital - an inhibiot
Phenytoin
Rifampicin
Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
St. John’s Work / Smoking
Others: Glytethimide, Phenylbutazone (induces the metabolism of Aminopyrine, Cortisol, Digitoxin), Ritonavir

33
Q

Cytochrome P450 INHIBITORS

A 
[Inhibitors Stop Cyber Kids from Eating GRApefruit QV]
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Erythromycin
Grapefruit Juice
Ritonavir (on acute ingestion)
Amiodarone
Quinidine
Valproic Acid
Others: Allopurinol, Chloramphenicol, Chlopromazine, Dicumarol, Disulfiram, Ethanol (acute toxicity), Itraconazole, Nortriptyline, oral contraceptives, Phenylbutazone (inhibits the metabolism of phenytoin and tolbutamide), Saquinavir, Secobarbital, Spironolactone, Troleandromycin
34
Q

Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs

A 
[WALA na Cyang PaPa! VasTeD na!
Warfarin
Aminoglycosides
Lithium
Amphotericin B
Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Vancomycin
Theophylline
Digoxin
35
Q

Zero Order Kinetics Drugs

A 
[WHAT PET]
Warfarin
Heparin
Aspirin
Tolbutamide
Phenytoin
Ethanol
Theophylline
36
Q

Drugs that cause Tachyphylaxis

A 
[MED students Love to watch CNN in HD]
Metoclopramide
Ephedrine
Dobutamine
LSD
Calcitonin
Nitroglycerin
Nicotin
Hydralazine
Desmopressin
37
Q

Route of Drug Administration: 100% bioavailability

A

Intravenous

38
Q

Route of Drug Administration: first pass effect

A

Oral

39
Q

Route of Drug Administration: Partial avoidance of first pass effect

A

Rectal, SL

40
Q

Route of Drug Administration: application to skin for local effect

A

Topical

41
Q

Route of Drug Administration: Application to skin for systemic effect

A

Transdermal

42
Q

Phase of drug studies with small number of normal volunteers

A

phase I

43
Q

Phase of drug studies with post-marketing surveillance

A

phase IV

44
Q

Phase of drug studies: “does it work in patients?”

A

phase II

45
Q

Phase of drug studies with randomized, double-blind, controlled trials

A

phase III

46
Q

a drug for rare disease

A

orphan drug

47
Q

Volume of distribution formula

A

Vd= dose/TC

48
Q

Steady state concentration (Css) formula

A

Css= infusion rate/clearance

49
Q

vasoCONSTRICTors

A 
“AVENU”
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
Endothelin
Neuropeptide Y
Uropeptides
50
Q

vasoDILATors

A 
“KVSCANN”
Kinins
VIP
Substance P
CGRP
Adrenomedullin
Natriuretic Peptide
Neurotensin
51
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine -myasthenia gravis
Physostigmine -glaucoma
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine -Alzheimer disease

Pharma Review (15 decks)

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