General Pharma

Question 1

refers to the amount of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 1

bioavailability

Question 2

used to determine the safety and efficacy of generic drug

Answer 2

bioequivalence

Question 3

measures the dose or concentration required to bring about 50% of the drug’s maximal effect

Answer 3

potency/ EC50

Question 4

dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect

Answer 4

ED50/ median effective dose

Question 5

dose at which 50% of the animals manifest a particular toxic effect

Answer 5

TD50/ median toxic dose

Question 6

transfer of drug from site of administration to bloodstream

Answer 6

absorption

Question 7

refers the apparent volume into which the drug is able to distribute

Answer 7

volume of distribution

Question 8

elimination of drug at a constant rate

Answer 8

zero order kinetics

Question 9

elimination at a rate that is proportional to the serum concentration of the drug

Answer 9

first order kinetics

Question 10

addition of a polar moiety (sulfate, acetate or glucuronate)

Answer 10

phase II metabolism

Question 11

use of CYP 450 system oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis

Answer 11

phase I metabolism

Question 12

describes the rate at which a specific drug is cleared from the system

Answer 12

clearance

Question 13

refers to the amount of time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease to half of its value after the administration of the drug has been stopped

Answer 13

half life ( t 1/2)

Question 14

defined as the single amount of drug that is needed achieve a desired plasma concentration quickly

Answer 14

loading dose

Question 15

amount of drug that must be given over time to maintain desired plasma concentration

Answer 15

maintenance dose

Question 16

used as a measure of drugs safety

Answer 16

therapeutic index

Question 17

formula for therapeutic index

Answer 17

TD50/ED50

Question 18

refers to the dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose and minimum toxic concentration or dose

Answer 18

therapeutic window

Question 19

substance that shifts the graded dose-response curve to the right

Answer 19

competitive antagonist

Question 20

substance that does not produce the same maximum effect and is exhibited by a decrease in the Emax

Answer 20

partial antagonist

Question 21

substance that depress the graded-dose response curve

Answer 21

noncompetitive antagonist

Question 22

an antagonist that interacts directly with the agonist and not at all or only incidentally with the receptor

Answer 22

chemical antagonist

Question 23

the action of the drug on the body

Answer 23

pharmacodynamics

Question 24

the action of the body on the drug

Answer 24

pharmacokinetics

Question 25

permeation that is governed by Fick's Law

Answer 25

liquid diffusion aqueous diffusion

Question 26

permeation that is saturable and inhibitable

Answer 26

carrier-mediated transport

Question 27

adverse effect that is infrequently observed in most patients

Answer 27

idiosyncratic reactions

Question 28

responsiveness diminishes rapidly after drug administration

Answer 28

tachyphylaxis

Question 29

induction of developmental defects in the fetus

Answer 29

teratogenesis

Question 30

induction of malignant characteristics in cells

Answer 30

carcinogenesis

Question 31

induction of changes in the genetic material of animals of any age

Answer 31

mutagenesis

Question 32

Cytochrome P450 INDUCERS

Answer 32

[Ethel Booba takes Phen-Phen and Refuses Greasy Carb Shakes] Ethanol (chronic ingestion) Barbiturates exc. Secobarbital - an inhibiot Phenytoin Rifampicin Griseofulvin Carbamazepine St. John's Work / Smoking Others: Glytethimide, Phenylbutazone (induces the metabolism of Aminopyrine, Cortisol, Digitoxin), Ritonavir

Question 33

Cytochrome P450 INHIBITORS

Answer 33

``` [Inhibitors Stop Cyber Kids from Eating GRApefruit QV] Isoniazid Sulfonamides Cimetidine Ketoconazole Erythromycin Grapefruit Juice Ritonavir (on acute ingestion) Amiodarone Quinidine Valproic Acid Others: Allopurinol, Chloramphenicol, Chlopromazine, Dicumarol, Disulfiram, Ethanol (acute toxicity), Itraconazole, Nortriptyline, oral contraceptives, Phenylbutazone (inhibits the metabolism of phenytoin and tolbutamide), Saquinavir, Secobarbital, Spironolactone, Troleandromycin ```

Question 34

Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs

Answer 34

``` [WALA na Cyang PaPa! VasTeD na! Warfarin Aminoglycosides Lithium Amphotericin B Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Vancomycin Theophylline Digoxin ```

Question 35

Zero Order Kinetics Drugs

Answer 35

``` [WHAT PET] Warfarin Heparin Aspirin Tolbutamide Phenytoin Ethanol Theophylline ```

Question 36

Drugs that cause Tachyphylaxis

Answer 36

``` [MED students Love to watch CNN in HD] Metoclopramide Ephedrine Dobutamine LSD Calcitonin Nitroglycerin Nicotin Hydralazine Desmopressin ```

Question 37

Route of Drug Administration: 100% bioavailability

Answer 37

Intravenous

Question 38

Route of Drug Administration: first pass effect

Answer 38

Oral

Question 39

Route of Drug Administration: Partial avoidance of first pass effect

Answer 39

Rectal, SL

Question 40

Route of Drug Administration: application to skin for local effect

Answer 40

Topical

Question 41

Route of Drug Administration: Application to skin for systemic effect

Answer 41

Transdermal

Question 42

Phase of drug studies with small number of normal volunteers

Answer 42

phase I

Question 43

Phase of drug studies with post-marketing surveillance

Answer 43

phase IV

Question 44

Phase of drug studies: "does it work in patients?"

Answer 44

phase II

Question 45

Phase of drug studies with randomized, double-blind, controlled trials

Answer 45

phase III

Question 46

a drug for rare disease

Answer 46

orphan drug

Question 47

Volume of distribution formula

Answer 47

Vd= dose/TC

Question 48

Steady state concentration (Css) formula

Answer 48

Css= infusion rate/clearance

Question 49

vasoCONSTRICTors

Answer 49

``` “AVENU” Angiotensin II Vasopressin Endothelin Neuropeptide Y Uropeptides ```

Question 50

vasoDILATors

Answer 50

``` “KVSCANN” Kinins VIP Substance P CGRP Adrenomedullin Natriuretic Peptide Neurotensin ```

Question 51

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 51

Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine -myasthenia gravis Physostigmine -glaucoma Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine -Alzheimer disease