Gender Differences in Education - Internal and External Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is feminism?

A

A social movement which strives for equal rights for women

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2
Q

What have feminists challenged since the 1960s?

A

Traditional roles of women

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3
Q

What has feminism raised for women?

A

Their expectations and self-esteem

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4
Q

What did McRobbie find when they compared girls’ magazines from the 1970s to girls’ magazines today?

A

Found girls’ magazines in 1970s emphasised importance of getting married but now they contain images of independent women

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5
Q

Of all students that achieved all 9s in their GCSEs in 2022, what percentage of them were female?

A

67%

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6
Q

How has feminism resulted in girls achieving better exam results than boys?

A

Improved self-esteem and ambition are possible reasons

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7
Q

What did the 1970 Equal Pay Act state?

A

It’s illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value

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8
Q

When was the Sex Discrimination Act and what did it outlaw?

A
  1. Outlawed discrimination in the workplace
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9
Q

Percentage of women in work from 1971 to 2013

A

53% in 1971 to 67% in 2013

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10
Q

What have changes in women’s employment encouraged girls to do?

A

See their future in employment rather than housework

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11
Q

Why do girls have a higher incentive to work harder in school in recent years?

A

Because of role models of successful women and changes in careers

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12
Q

What percentage of marriages end in divorce?

A

40%

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13
Q

What factors have contributed to major changes in the family size since 1970? (5)

A

Increase in divorce rates
Increase in cohabitation
Decrease in number of first marriages
Increase in number of lone parent families
Smaller families

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14
Q

What have major changes in the family since 1970 does for girls?

A

Impacted their attitudes

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15
Q

In what ways have the changes in the family changed girls attitudes? (3)

A

Changed their attitudes towards education
More women are breadwinner which created a role model for girls
Increase in divorce rate suggests it’s unwise to rely on men to be provider which encourages girls to achieve more educational success

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16
Q

How did girls see their future in the 1970s according to Sharpe?

A

Girls had low aspirations and believed educational success was unfeminine

17
Q

How did girls see their future in the 1990s according to Sharpe?

A

Girls more likely to see future as an independent women with a career

18
Q

Why do girls need educational qualifications according to Francis?

A

Because they now have higher career aspirations

19
Q

External factors contributing to girls achieving better than boys (4)

A

Impact of feminism
Changes in women’s employment
Changes in the family
Girls’ changing ambitions

20
Q

How may women in senior roles in schools act as role models for girls?

A

They may show girls that women can achieve important positions

21
Q

What figures within school are important role models for girls?

A

Female teachers

22
Q

Female headteacher number in 1992 in UK

A

50 female nursery and primary school headteachers
22 female secondary school headteachers

23
Q

Female headteacher number in 2012 in UK

A

71 female nursery and primary school headteachers
37 female secondary school headteachers

24
Q

What is the gender gap in achievement a ‘product of’ according to Gorard?

A

A ‘product of the changed system of assessment rather than any more general failing boys’

25
Q

Why did the introduction of coursework benefit girls’ achievement according to Mitos and Browne? (4)

A

Girls generally:
- spend more time on work
- take more care with presentation
- are better at meeting deadlines
- bring the right resources to lessons in comparison to boys

26
Q

Why does Elwood believe the introduction of coursework isn’t very relevant to the changes in achievement for girls?

A

Because if only makes up a small percentage of overall grade

27
Q

How could it be argued that the 1988 Education Reform Act removed gender inequality in achievement?

A

Made boys and girls study mainly the same subjects

28
Q

What organisations encourage non-traditional gender careers?

A

GIST (Girls in Science and Technology)
WISE (Women In Science and Engineering)

29
Q

How do policy makers make sure there are equal opportunities in schools for girls and boys?

A

They are now more aware of gender issues and teachers are more sensitive to avoid stereotyping

30
Q

How has marketisation improved girls educational achievement?

A

Marketisation policies have created a more competitive climate and schools see girls as desirable because they achieve better. Better quality schools now pick more girls for this reason

31
Q

What has been introduced which has improved opportunities for girls according to Jackson?

A

Exam league tables

32
Q

SFP causing girls to achieve better

A

Girls more likely to do well as they’re recruited by good schools

33
Q

Why are boys less attractive to schools according to Slee?

A

Because they are more likely to suffer from behavioural difficulties and are 4x more likely than girls to be excluded

34
Q

How did educational books portray women in the 1970s and 1980s”

A

Reading schemes portrayed women as housewives and mothers
Physics books portrayed women as fearing science
Maths books portrayed boys as more inventive

35
Q

What has been removed from learning material in recent years?

A

Sexist images

36
Q

What did Jane and French find in their analysis of classroom interaction?

A

Boys received more attention from teachers because they attracted more disapproval

37
Q

Internal factors linking to gender differences in achievement (6)

A

Positive role models
GCSE and coursework
Equal opportunities
Selection and league tables
Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum
Teacher attention