Gender/culture influence

Question 1

Women 2;1

Answer 1

More likely to report symptoms
Gender roles - males are expected to face fears
Difficult life circumstance - sexual assault
Men are raised to believe more in personal control

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

Concept of distress - Japan: taijin kyofusho involves fear of dipleasing/emberrassing others
Prevalance of anxiety varies’; attitude can dictate.how confortable someone is disclosing symptoms

Question 3

Increased risk

Answer 3

Behavioral conditioning
Genetic vulnerability
Disturbance in activity in fear circuit 
Decreased functioning of GABA and serotonin, increased nore
Increased CAR
Neuroticism

Question 4

Mowrer’s two factor model

Answer 4

Anxiety develops in two steps:

1. Classical conditioning of fear
2. Operant conditioning resulting in avoidant response that reinforces fear

Question 5

Criticisms model

Answer 5

Many people don’t remember exposure to threatening event

Not all people that experience serious threat develop anxiety

Question 6

Gaps explained

Answer 6

Classical conditioning doesn’t have to occur through direct experience, modelling or verbal instruction(warning) is possible as wel
People with anxiety acquire fears more readily through conditioning and are more persistent once conditioned.

Question 7

Neutral predictable unpredicatble (NPU) Threat task

Answer 7

seeing if threat is perceived as more powerful: sensitive to unpredictability. Aversive stimulus is presented unpredictably, people with anxiety have stronger response

Question 8

Neurobiologcal factors

Answer 8

Fear circuit and activity of neurotransmitters. Amygdala has more activity and medial prefrontal cortex helps regulate amygdala.

Question 9

Personality

Answer 9

Behavioral inhibition; tendency to become agitated and cry when faced with stimuli is predictive