Gastrointestinal system

Question 1

What areas/ organs to examine?

Answer 1

History
Head
Esophagus 
Abdomen
Anus 
Diseases 
Additional

Question 2

History

Answer 2

Eating, appetite, weight loss
Chewing and swallowing 
Vomitting, regurgitation
Defecation
Anus
Faeces 
Distended abdomen
Age 
Blood

Question 3

History- defecation

Answer 3

Position
Posture 
Frequency
Pain 
Tenesmus
Incontinence

Question 4

History- faeces

Answer 4

Quantity

Quality- form, colour, smell, consistnecy

Question 5

Head- external

Answer 5

Lips
Chewing
Musculature
Facial bones

Question 6

Head- internal

Answer 6

Cheeks 
Mucus membranes 
Teeth
Tongue
Hard and soft palate 
Pharynx 
Tonsils 
Salivary glands and salivation

Question 7

Head- internal: teeth

Answer 7

Number 
Shape
Occlsusion
Surface 
Colour 
Tartar-plaque 
Pain
Movability
Percussion sound

Question 8

Head-internal: tongue

Answer 8

Shape
Size
Surface- lesions, papillae, colour, consistency, movability

Question 9

Oesophagus

Answer 9

Inspection
Palpation (topo anatomy?)
Additional: X-ray and esophagoscopy

Question 10

Abdomen

Answer 10

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

Question 11

Abdomen- Inspection

Answer 11

Size
Form- from all angles
Skin surface, haircoat
Local deformities

Question 12

Abdomen- palpation

Answer 12

Most important
Standing position- cranial to caud using 2 hands
Start supf then go deep

Pain 
Temp
Thickness of abd wall
Palpable organs 
FB's

Question 13

Abdomen- percussion

Answer 13

Finger to finger
Abnormal: organs filled with gas/fluid or organ enlargement
Undulation test

Question 14

Abdomen Auscultation

Answer 14

Intestinal sounds- borborygmi

Changes of normal sounds- splashing and crepitation

Question 15

Anus

Answer 15

Inspection
Palpation (outer)
RDP- constipation, bones, prostate, lymph nodes
Rectoscopy

Question 16

Diseases of the GIT

Answer 16

EPI
Uraemia
FIV and FeLV
Megaesophagus 
Ascites 
Cushing's
Ileus 
Megacolon, obstipation

Question 17

Additional exam methods of the GIT

Answer 17

Lab exams- blood, urine, faeces, gastric content
Fluoroscopy
Abdominocentesis
Laparotomy 
Biopsy
Cytology
CT, MR
X-ray
US
Endoscopy, laparoscopy
Esophagoscopy
Gastroscopy
Duodenoscopy
Colonoscopy

Question 18

Indications of abdominal US

Answer 18

Palpable alterations of the abdomen
Lab alterations
Clinical signs without palpable or lab alterations- anorexia
Screening for congenital diseases and in the elderly

Question 19

Possible diseases that can be seen with abdominal US

Answer 19

Fluid accumulation
Pyometra
Enlarged lymph nodes

Question 20

Esophagoscopy indications

Answer 20

Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Removal of esophageal foreign bodies

Question 21

Esophagoscopy diseases

Answer 21

Esophagitis
Foreign body
Neoplasia
Megaesophagus

Question 22

Esophagoscopy technique

Answer 22

Fast for 12-24 hrs
GA
Left lateral recumbency
Neck extended dorsally

Question 23

Gastroscopy indicatons

Answer 23

Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Chronic vomitting
Hematemesis

Question 24

Gastroscopy diseases

Answer 24

Chronic gastritis
Ulcers
Neoplasia
Foreign body

Question 25

Duodenoscopy Indications

Answer 25

Chronic vomiting
Chronic diarrhoea
Melena, hematemesis
PLE

Question 26

Duodenoscopy diseases

Answer 26

IBD
Lymphangiectasia
Duodenal ulcer

Question 27

Colonoscopy indications

Answer 27

Large intestinal diarrhoea
Tenesmus
Fresh blood in faeces
Palpable rectal masses

Question 28

Colonoscopy diseases

Answer 28

Colitis
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
Ileus

Question 29

Colonoscopy technique

Answer 29

Fasting for 24-48 hrs
Give warm water enemas
GA
Left lateral recumbency