Gastrointestinal system Flashcards
What areas/ organs to examine?
History Head Esophagus Abdomen Anus Diseases Additional
History
Eating, appetite, weight loss Chewing and swallowing Vomitting, regurgitation Defecation Anus Faeces Distended abdomen Age Blood
History- defecation
Position Posture Frequency Pain Tenesmus Incontinence
History- faeces
Quantity
Quality- form, colour, smell, consistnecy
Head- external
Lips
Chewing
Musculature
Facial bones
Head- internal
Cheeks Mucus membranes Teeth Tongue Hard and soft palate Pharynx Tonsils Salivary glands and salivation
Head- internal: teeth
Number Shape Occlsusion Surface Colour Tartar-plaque Pain Movability Percussion sound
Head-internal: tongue
Shape
Size
Surface- lesions, papillae, colour, consistency, movability
Oesophagus
Inspection
Palpation (topo anatomy?)
Additional: X-ray and esophagoscopy
Abdomen
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Abdomen- Inspection
Size
Form- from all angles
Skin surface, haircoat
Local deformities
Abdomen- palpation
Most important
Standing position- cranial to caud using 2 hands
Start supf then go deep
Pain Temp Thickness of abd wall Palpable organs FB's
Abdomen- percussion
Finger to finger
Abnormal: organs filled with gas/fluid or organ enlargement
Undulation test
Abdomen Auscultation
Intestinal sounds- borborygmi
Changes of normal sounds- splashing and crepitation
Anus
Inspection
Palpation (outer)
RDP- constipation, bones, prostate, lymph nodes
Rectoscopy
Diseases of the GIT
EPI Uraemia FIV and FeLV Megaesophagus Ascites Cushing's Ileus Megacolon, obstipation
Additional exam methods of the GIT
Lab exams- blood, urine, faeces, gastric content Fluoroscopy Abdominocentesis Laparotomy Biopsy Cytology CT, MR X-ray US Endoscopy, laparoscopy Esophagoscopy Gastroscopy Duodenoscopy Colonoscopy
Indications of abdominal US
Palpable alterations of the abdomen
Lab alterations
Clinical signs without palpable or lab alterations- anorexia
Screening for congenital diseases and in the elderly
Possible diseases that can be seen with abdominal US
Fluid accumulation
Pyometra
Enlarged lymph nodes
Esophagoscopy indications
Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Removal of esophageal foreign bodies
Esophagoscopy diseases
Esophagitis
Foreign body
Neoplasia
Megaesophagus
Esophagoscopy technique
Fast for 12-24 hrs
GA
Left lateral recumbency
Neck extended dorsally
Gastroscopy indicatons
Dysphagia
Regurgitation
Chronic vomitting
Hematemesis
Gastroscopy diseases
Chronic gastritis
Ulcers
Neoplasia
Foreign body
Duodenoscopy Indications
Chronic vomiting
Chronic diarrhoea
Melena, hematemesis
PLE
Duodenoscopy diseases
IBD
Lymphangiectasia
Duodenal ulcer
Colonoscopy indications
Large intestinal diarrhoea
Tenesmus
Fresh blood in faeces
Palpable rectal masses
Colonoscopy diseases
Colitis
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
Ileus
Colonoscopy technique
Fasting for 24-48 hrs
Give warm water enemas
GA
Left lateral recumbency
