Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SAM > Examination of skin > Flashcards

Examination of skin Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of examining the skin

A

Inspection
Palpation
Smelling

Pyoderma- putrid smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Additional exams

A 
Skin scraping 
Otoscopic exam of the external ear canal
Biopsy
Non-specific blood
Non-specific urine 
Specific blood 
Special
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Additional: skin scraping

A

microscopic for para
Trichogram- hair shafts
Microbiology- culture for bacteria and fungi
Cytology after staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Additional non-specific blood

A

Blood count

Biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Additional specific blood

A

Hormones

Function tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Additional special

A 
IDST
Allergen specific IgE conc 
Coombs test
IF
Histopath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hair coat/ fur: Hair follicle.. 2 things to be discussed

A

Cycle

Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hair follicle cycle: 2 types of hairs

A

Primary: guard hairs, sebaceous and sweat glands and musculus arrector pili
Secondary: undercoat hairs and sebaceous gland
Ratio is 1:5-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hair follicle cycle.. stages

A

Anagen: active growing
Katagen: transitional- “self killer keratinocytes”
Telogen: resting- hair retained in follicle as “dead hair shaft”
Exogen: shedding, new hair shaft starts to grow

Seasonal or random shedding- dog and cat random but peak in spring and autumn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the hair follicle cycle regulated by

A 
Photoperiod 
Ambient temp
Nutrition
Hormones 
General state of health
Genetics 
Intrinsic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hair follicle cycle: disorders

A

Follicular atrophy– alterations in cycle

Follicular dysplasia– alterations in hair follicle structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 Types of sweat glands

A 
Appocrin= epitrichial
Eccrin= atrichial, merocrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apocrin= epitrichial sweat glands

A

Plentiful at mucocutaneous junctions, interdigital area and on dorsum
NOT on foot pads or nasal plane
Produce pheromones and IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eccrin= atrichial, merocrin glands

A

ONLY on foot pads-but in horse are everywhere

“Normal sweating”- water, salts, EFA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Exam of the fur/hair coat

A 
Density
Colour 
Gloss
Closure- how the coat fits together with the skin
Occurrence of loose hair i.e "pullability"-usually mild force needed
Stiffness
Localisation of abnormalities 
External parasites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exam of the fur/hair coat: density

A 
Loss of hair 
Lack of hair= alopecia 
Hypotrichiosis
Hypertrichiosis- hormonal
Primary: endocrine, follicular dysplagia 
Secondary: trauma- constant licking, chronic inflamm
Localised vs generalised 
Single vs multiple 
Continuous vs circumscribed 
Hereditary vs congenital vs acquired
Symmetrical vs asymmetrical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Skin- condition- 12 things

A 
Superficial layer- epidermis
Haemorrhages 
Odour
Temp
Moisture
Greasiness
Thickness 
Elasticity
Sensitivity
Ectoparasites
Skin lesions 
Skin swellings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Skin condition: thickness

A

Dogs: 0.5-5.0mm
Cats: 0.4-2.0mm

Thickest on dorsum, forehead, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, rump and base of the tail

Thinnest on pinnae, axillary, inguinal and perianal areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skin conditions: skin swellings

A

Oedema
Emphysema
Haematoma
Tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Skin swellings: oedema

A

Oedema infiltration: phlegmone, abscess- usually infection

Oedema stagnationis: cold, impression lasts for a while- cardiac issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Skin swellings: tumour

A 
Localization
Number 
Size
Temp
Pain
Consistency
Percussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary skin lesions

A 
Macules
Patch
Papules
Plaques 
Nodules
Tuber
Tumour 
Wheals 
Angiodema 
Vesicles 
Bullae
Cysts 
Pustules 
Abscess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary skin lesion: Macule

A 
Not elevated, differs in colour due to melanin or local haemorrhage 
patechia- pinpoint 
purpura- bleeding into skin
vibex- line-form
ecchymosis, suffusion> 1cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary skin lesion: Patch

A

Larger macule, usually vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Primary skin lesion: Papules

A

Small solid elevation
Infiltration of tissue or inflamm cells
Erythematous papules- scabies, FAD

26
Q

Primary skin lesion: Plaques

A

Flat-topped elevation- extension of papules

e.g in cat- eosinophil granuloma subtype

27
Q

Primary skin lesion: nodules

A

Circumscribed solid elevation usually greater than 1cm

Usually extends into deeper layers of the skin

28
Q

Primary skin lesion: Tumour (also classified under skin swellings)

A

Can involve any structure of the skin or subcut tissue
Origin usually neoplastic or granulomatous
Examples are fibroma, mastocytoma, melanoma and lipoma

29
Q

Primary skin lesion: Wheals

A

Urticarial raised- usually consisting of edema
Hypersensitivity type 1 reaction
e.g urticaria, insect bites

30
Q

Primary skin lesion: Angiodema

A

On distensable region e.g eyes or lips

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

31
Q

Primary skin lesion: Vesicles

A

Circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with fluid, upt to 1cm
Can be intraepidermal or subepidermal
Causes: viral, autoimmune, irritants

*Shar pei- skin contains more mucin- idipathic vesicles can be present

32
Q

Primary skin lesion: Bullae

A

Vesicles that are greater than 1cm

seen in pemphigus vulgaris

33
Q

Primary skin lesion: cysts

A

Adnexal Epithelium lined cavity, can contain fluid or solid material
Smooth and well-circumscribed

34
Q

Primary skin lesion: pustules

A

Small, circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with pus
Origin: can be intra, subepidermal or follicular
Usually Ne– infectious
If Eo- this indiacted allergy
Green- gram negative/ toxicity

35
Q

Primary skin lesion: Abscess

A

Demarcated fluctuant lesion

Dermal or subcut accumulation of pus

36
Q

Secondary skin lesions

A

Evolve from primary or
Trauma
Medications

37
Q

Secondary skin lesions: Lichenification

A 
Thickening and hardening of epidermis 
Areas of friction
Usually hyperpigmented 
Crusted plaques- bacterial involvement 
Sometimes Malassezia (yeast) can be found
e.g chronic atopic derm
38
Q

Secondary skin lesions: Epidermal collarette

A

Circular rim of loose keratin flakes/ peeling keratin
Remnants of primary skin lesions e.g vesicle or hyperkeratosis
e.g Ringworm lesion

39
Q

Secondary skin lesions : Scar (cicatrix)

A

When fibrous tissue replaces the damaged tissue
Remnants of trauma, lesions
Usually alopecic, atrophic and depigmented

40
Q

Secondary skin lesions: Excoriation

A 
Result of scratching, biting or rubbing 
Loss of superficial dermal layers
Self produced (usually from pruritis)
Invite secondary bacterial infection
Recognisable by their linear pattern
41
Q

Secondary skin lesions: erosion

A

Superficial

Does not penetrate the basal laminar zone

42
Q

Secondary skin lesions: ulcer

A

Break in the continuity of the epidermis
Exposes underlying dermis
Note the structure of the edge- fibrotic, necrotic etc
Firmness of depth
Any exudate
Scar after healing
e.g indolent ulcer

43
Q

Both primary and secondary skin lesions

A 
Alopecia 
Scale/ Squamae 
Crust
Follicular casts 
Comedons 
Abnormal pigmentation
Hypopigmentation
Leukoderma 
Leukotrichia 
Hyperpigmentation 
Melanotrichia
44
Q

Alopecia

A

Loss of hair, can be partial or complete
Primary: enocrine or follicular dysplasia
Secondary: trauma or inflamm

45
Q

Scale/ Squamous-

A

accumulation of cornified cells from stratum corneum- loss in larger “flakes”

46
Q

Crust

A

Dried exudate, serum, pus, blood, cells adhere to the surface
Primary: Zn responsive dermatosis
Secondary: scabies
Brown/red: haemorrhagic crust in pyoderma

47
Q

Follicular casts

A

Accumulation of keratin and follicular material
Primary- vit A responsive dermatoses
Secondary- mange

48
Q

Comedons

A

Dilated hair follicle with cornified cells and sebaceous material
Primary: initial lesion of feline acne
Secondary: seborrhic skin disease- greasy

49
Q

Abnormal pigmentation

A

Melanin!!!

50
Q

Hypopigmentation

A

Loss of epidermal melanin
Primary: vitiligo like disease
Secondary: post inflamm change

51
Q

Leukoderma

A

Is the general term for white skin

52
Q

Leuotrichia-

A

Lack of pigment in hair

53
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

Increased epidermal and sometimes dermal melanin
Melanophages found in superficial dermis
Primary: endocrine, diffuse
Secondary: post inflammation

54
Q

Melanotrichia

A

Excess pigment in hair

55
Q

What are the cutaneous appendages

A

Claws and nails

56
Q

How do we examine claws

A 
Shape
length 
colour 
temp
painfulness
consistency
tenderness
57
Q

Onychomadesis

A

Complete loss of claw

58
Q

Onychorrhexis

A

crumbling of claws

59
Q

Examining the external ear canal

A

Head position
Position of the external ear
Shape
Skin of ear pinnae and external ear canal
Pain and sensitivity of the base of the ear

Ototscopy of skin inside and cerumen- look for pus, ear mites fb etc
Lab- cytology and microbioolgy

60
Q

Other things to examine when discussing skin

A

Planum nasale
Foot pads
Perianal and circumanal glands
Paraproctal glands

SAM (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions