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SAM > Examination methods > Flashcards

Examination methods Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis making process

A

History, physical exam and additional techniques are all processed to eventually come to a diagnosis, then we can determine prognosis and treatment

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2
Q

Purpose of clinical exam

A

To detect the clinically significant abnormalities of function and determine the body system involved

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3
Q

Purposes of a diagnosis

A

Recommend specific treatment
Accurate prognosis
Recommendations of cost effective control
Prevention of new cases when groups of animals are at risk

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4
Q

Methods of exam

A

Physical
Additional
Clinical lab

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5
Q

Physical exam

A 
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Olfaction
Measuring
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6
Q

Additional exams can be …

A

Instrumental or non-instrumental

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7
Q

Non-instrumental additional exams

A 
Aspiration
Biopsy
Centesis
Excision
Extirpation
Tubing 
Catheter
Laparotomy
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8
Q

Instrumental additional exams

A 
X-ray
ECG
US
Endoscopy 
CT
MRI
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9
Q

Clinical lab exams

A 
Urine 
Blood
Faeces
Rumen content 
Liquor 
Milk
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10
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Changes which are observed by the owner

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11
Q

What is a sign?

A

Abnormal findings of the vet during the physical exam
Can be:
Specific= pathognomic
Permanent
Main=chief
Non-specific/ temporary e.g anorexia, lethargy, vomitting
Accessory (so not the chief?)

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12
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Special group of symptoms that are characteristic/ highly specific for a disease

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13
Q

Diagnosis

A

The name of the disease

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14
Q

Inspection, 2 areas

A

General and by body regions

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15
Q

Inspection: general

A 
Skin
Posture
Behaviour 
Gait
Condition
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16
Q

Inspection: body regions

A

With the unaided eye
With aid of instruments e.g opthalmascope, otoscope, vaginoscope, penlight, radiography, US, endoscope
Give enough time and attention
Good lighting

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17
Q

Palpation

A

Direct vs indirect
Outside vs inside
Superficial vs deep

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18
Q

What are you looking for alterations in when you palpate?

A 
Location
Shape
Size
Consistency
Structure
Painfulness
Movability
Surroundings
Symmetry
Surrounding skin: integrity, temp, lifting up to a skinfold
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19
Q

Palpation: ballotation

A

Ballotation and auscultaion

“Floating” organs, push sharply with a finger and detect it by the returning impact

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20
Q

Undulation

A

Tactile percussion
Detects fluid, like a ballon filled with water
Pneumoundulation can be seen with fat

21
Q

Terms of consistency

A 
Doughy
Soft,Hard Rubber, Firm
Hard 
Fluctuating 
Emphysematous
22
Q

Doughy

A

Pressure causes pitting which can last for variable periods of time
Often seem in edema

23
Q

Soft-hard, rubber, firm

A

Resistance to pressure is similar to that of a normal liver

24
Q

Hard

A

Bone like consistency

25
Q

Fluctuating

A

Indicates fluids?

Wave-like movement produced by the structure by the alternating application of pressure

26
Q

Emphysematous

A

Indicates air or gas in the tissue
Structure is enlarged or puffy
Yields on pressure
Crepitating or crackling sound

27
Q

Auscultation

A

Use a stethoscope
Want to detect spontaneous or artificially induced sounds
Indirect- mediate
Direct- immediate

28
Q

General rules of auscultation

A

Animal is standing still
Follow a certain exam order
Silence

*Lift left leg
Move 5-6 ICS 1 or 2 full inspiration and expiration cycles

29
Q

Auscultation: sound

A

Combination of vibrations with different frequencies

30
Q

Auscultation: noise

A

No special underlying relation among frequencies

No periodic character

31
Q

Acoustic percussion

A 
Conducted to obtain info about the surrounding tissues
It creates sound waves/ resonance 
Lung border estimation
Tissue depth estimation up to 7cm
Lesions at least 5cm in diameter
32
Q

Acoustic percussion: areas

A

Thorax
Paranasal sinuses
Abd cavity
Subcut emphysema

33
Q

Pain percussion

A

Percussion blow, first do it weak and superficial- to define the borderline, then do it stronger and deeper
To localize pain

34
Q

Methods of percussion

A

Direct: finger on finger
Indirect: plessimeter and percussion hammer

35
Q

Components of percussion sound

A

Crackling sound of hammer and plessimeter
Sound of thoracic wall or wall of any organ
Resonant sound of gas/fluid filled organ

36
Q

The main percussion sounds

A

Sonorous/resonant: air containing organ e.g lung
Damped/dull: not containing gas! e.g muscle
Tympanic: higher in pitch due to large amount of air in the organ e.g in gastric volvulus

37
Q

The normal percussion sound of small animals

A

Volume: Sharp
Pitch/frequency: high or low
Tone: sonorous/ resonant
Duration: long

38
Q

Special sounds heard during percussion

A

Metallic/ steel-like
Cracked
Hollow/drum like

39
Q

Metallic/ steel like abnormal percussion sound

A

High pitch
Sharp
Musical
Often heard with abomasal displacement

40
Q

Cracked abnormal percussion sound

A

Rasping, whizzing sound with additional noises

41
Q

Hollow/ drum like abnormal percussion sound

A

Strong, high, long

Can be tympanic or non-tympanic

42
Q

Smelling

A

Expired air
Oral cavity
Skin
Excreta e.g urine and faeces

  • EPI faeces contain undigested fat, smells like melted butter
    Gastroenteritic- smells putrid
43
Q

Measuring

A

Thermometer
Measuring tape
Vernier caliper- thickness of skin
String of calibrated ovoids

44
Q

Deductive diagnosis

A

Based on pathognomic symptoms e.g tetanus

45
Q

Excluding diagnosis

A

I.e Differential diagnosis

46
Q

Diagnosis ex juvantibus

A

From obtaining the therapeutic results

E.g babesiosis

47
Q

Types of diagnosis

A

Casual, aetiological e.g parvoenteritis
Topographical- concerning an organ e.g hepatitis
Symptomatic e.g jaundice, fever
Functional e.g lameness of the urinary bladder
Tentative- suspect before the final diagnosis e.g scabies
Main and additional e.g enteritis and flea allergy

48
Q

Diagnosis: comparing with reality

A 
Exact
Objective 
Presumptive 
Undetermined
False
49
Q

Possible causes of a false diagnosis

A 
Diagnosing without examination
Exam is not accurate enough
Misunderstanding symptoms 
Prestige-based diagnosis
Not doing repeat exams 
Insufficient diagnostic equipment 
Incorrect interpretation of lab data

SAM (16 decks)

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