Examination of reproductive organs Flashcards
Exam of reproductive organs- Indications
General exam
Direct signs
Indirect signs
General exam
young- congenital
old- chronic, masses
Direct signs
Vaginal discharge- vaginitis and metritis
Silent heat and low libido- endocrine hypofunction
Indirect signs
Urination/defecation- prostate hypertrophy
Alopecia- endocrine (primary)
Fever- pyometra
Exam of the male reproductive tract
Nationale
History
Physical exam
Additional exams
Male: nationale
young- developmental e.g crytorchidism
old- prostate hypertrophy
Male: history
Reproductive state e.g castrated
Mating failure- hormonal imbalance
Preputial discharge- inflamm
Male: Physical exam
Inspection and palpation Scrotum Testes and epididymis Penis Prepuce Prostate gland
Exam of scrotum
Skin: surface, pain, temp– scrotal dermatitis
Content: scrotal hernia
Exam of testes and epididymis
Localization, shape, size, surface, pain, symmetry, movability and consistency
Not descended= cryptorchidism
Sertoli cell tumour= hyperestrogenism
Other exam aspects of the testes and epididymis
Inflamm of testis- orchitis
Inflamm of epididymis- epididymitis
Testicular neoplasm
Exam of penis
Retract prepuce to examine
Shape, size, mucosa, pain, consistency
Aperture of urethra- intact
Exam of prepuce
Skin, mucosa- trauma, inflamm
Orifice- intact check for phimosis and paraphimosis
Discharge- could indicate infection
Exam of prostate gland
Done by RDP
Location, shape, size, structure, surface, pain, symmetry, movability, consistency
Abnormalities:
hypertrophy
tumour
abscess
Additional exam methods of the male
Routine lab tests Radiography US Cytology, biopsy, histopath Bacterial culture
Exams of the female repro tract
Nationale
History
Physical exam
Female- nationale
Age
Breed- e.g brachycephalic dogs prone to dystocia
Repro state
-neutered= urinary incontinence
-intact= pyometra and mammary gland tumour
-estrus cycles=heat
Female- history
Repro state
Postpartum period- e.g if lactating- hypocalcaemia
Hormone therapy
Abdominal distension- pregnancy, pyometra
Vulvar discharge- vaginitis, metritis
Neutering
Female- physical exam
Inspection and palpation Vulva and perivulvar area Vagina and vestibulum Uterus and ovaries Mammary glands
Vulva and perivulvar area
Skin, mucosa, shape, size, vulvar opening- inflamm but don’t mix up with heat signs
Perivulvar area- skin fold pyoderma
Vulvar discharge- mucopurulent indicates pyometra
Vagina and vestibulum
Mucosa, surface, pain, consistency, deformities
Presence of fetus
Uterus and ovaries
Palpation through abdomen but only when severely enlarged!!
Pyometra
Tumour
Mammary glands
Always in general exam esp in old intact bitch
Location, shape,size, skin, temperature, pain, structure, deformities, milk
Mastitis
Mammary gland tumour
Female- additional exams
Cytology Microbiology Hormone measurements US Radiography Vaginoscopy
