Examination of reproductive organs

Question 1

Exam of reproductive organs- Indications

Answer 1

General exam
Direct signs
Indirect signs

Question 2

General exam

Answer 2

young- congenital

old- chronic, masses

Question 3

Direct signs

Answer 3

Vaginal discharge- vaginitis and metritis

Silent heat and low libido- endocrine hypofunction

Question 4

Indirect signs

Answer 4

Urination/defecation- prostate hypertrophy
Alopecia- endocrine (primary)
Fever- pyometra

Question 5

Exam of the male reproductive tract

Answer 5

Nationale
History
Physical exam
Additional exams

Question 6

Male: nationale

Answer 6

young- developmental e.g crytorchidism

old- prostate hypertrophy

Question 7

Male: history

Answer 7

Reproductive state e.g castrated
Mating failure- hormonal imbalance
Preputial discharge- inflamm

Question 8

Male: Physical exam

Answer 8

Inspection and palpation
Scrotum
Testes and epididymis
Penis
Prepuce 
Prostate gland

Question 9

Exam of scrotum

Answer 9

Skin: surface, pain, temp– scrotal dermatitis
Content: scrotal hernia

Question 10

Exam of testes and epididymis

Answer 10

Localization, shape, size, surface, pain, symmetry, movability and consistency

Not descended= cryptorchidism
Sertoli cell tumour= hyperestrogenism

Question 11

Other exam aspects of the testes and epididymis

Answer 11

Inflamm of testis- orchitis
Inflamm of epididymis- epididymitis
Testicular neoplasm

Question 12

Exam of penis

Answer 12

Retract prepuce to examine
Shape, size, mucosa, pain, consistency
Aperture of urethra- intact

Question 13

Exam of prepuce

Answer 13

Skin, mucosa- trauma, inflamm
Orifice- intact check for phimosis and paraphimosis
Discharge- could indicate infection

Question 14

Exam of prostate gland

Answer 14

Done by RDP
Location, shape, size, structure, surface, pain, symmetry, movability, consistency

Abnormalities:
hypertrophy
tumour
abscess

Question 15

Additional exam methods of the male

Answer 15

Routine lab tests
Radiography
US
Cytology, biopsy, histopath
Bacterial culture

Question 16

Exams of the female repro tract

Answer 16

Nationale
History
Physical exam

Question 17

Female- nationale

Answer 17

Age
Breed- e.g brachycephalic dogs prone to dystocia
Repro state
-neutered= urinary incontinence
-intact= pyometra and mammary gland tumour
-estrus cycles=heat

Question 18

Female- history

Answer 18

Repro state
Postpartum period- e.g if lactating- hypocalcaemia
Hormone therapy
Abdominal distension- pregnancy, pyometra
Vulvar discharge- vaginitis, metritis
Neutering

Question 19

Female- physical exam

Answer 19

Inspection and palpation
Vulva and perivulvar area 
Vagina and vestibulum
Uterus and ovaries 
Mammary glands

Question 20

Vulva and perivulvar area

Answer 20

Skin, mucosa, shape, size, vulvar opening- inflamm but don’t mix up with heat signs
Perivulvar area- skin fold pyoderma
Vulvar discharge- mucopurulent indicates pyometra

Question 21

Vagina and vestibulum

Answer 21

Mucosa, surface, pain, consistency, deformities

Presence of fetus

Question 22

Uterus and ovaries

Answer 22

Palpation through abdomen but only when severely enlarged!!
Pyometra
Tumour

Question 23

Mammary glands

Answer 23

Always in general exam esp in old intact bitch
Location, shape,size, skin, temperature, pain, structure, deformities, milk

Mastitis
Mammary gland tumour

Question 24

Female- additional exams

Answer 24

Cytology
Microbiology
Hormone measurements 
US
Radiography 
Vaginoscopy