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SAM > Examination of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Examination of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper urinary tract

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

Examination of the kidneys

A

History
Physical exam
Lab exams
Diagnosing

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3
Q

Kidneys- History

A 
PU/PD
Oliguria/ anuria
Apathy/ weakness
Dehydration
Poor haircoat
Hypertension symptoms- blindness
Thrombosis
Immunosuppression
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4
Q

Kidneys- Physical exam

A

Technique
Description
Result/ abnormal findings

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5
Q

Physical exam- technique

A 
Deep palpation of abdomen in standing position
One or two hands - lateral and caudal
Dogs- left
Cats- both
Ureters- NOT palpable
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6
Q

Physical exam- description

A 
Location 
Size 
Shape 
Pain
Surface 
Consistency
Structure 
Symmetry
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7
Q

Physical exam- abnormal findings

A

Enlarged
Smaller than usual
Pain
Specific signs only in advanced cases

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8
Q

Causes of enlarged kidneys

A 
Tumours
Hydronephrosis
PKD
PSS
FIP, FeLV
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9
Q

Causes of small kidneys

A

Renal fibrosis

Renal dysplasia

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10
Q

Causes of pain in the kidneys

A

acute nephritis
Kidneys stones
Tumor

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11
Q

Specific signs only in advanced cases

A

Halitosis- uraemic breath

Uraemic ulcers- tongue

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12
Q

Kidneys- lab exams

A

Glomerular function

Tubular function

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13
Q

Tests for glomerular function

A

GFR
Urinary protein
Proteinuria

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14
Q

GFR

A

Urea/ creatinine
SDMA
Exogenous and endogenous clearance

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15
Q

Urinary protein/ proteinuria

A 
Dipstick
Sulpho-salicylic acid 
UPC
MAU
Sediment!!!
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16
Q

Tubular function tests

A 
Specific gravity- refractometer
Glycosuria 
Mild proteinuria 
Urine sediment 
Fractional clearance of electrolytes
17
Q

Examination of the lower urinary tract

A

Bladder
Urethra
Prostate

18
Q

Examination of the bladder

A 
History
Physical exam
Description
Abnormal findings 
Additional
19
Q

Bladder- History

A 
Dysuria- difficulty
Stranguria- painful
Hematuria
Pollakiura- only small amount at a time
Incontinence
20
Q

Bladder- Physical exam

A 
Inspection
Palpation (abdominal)
21
Q

Bladder- description after the physical exam

A 
Location
Size-empty, moderately filled, full, dilated 
Shape
Pain
Surface
Wall thickness
Bladder content
22
Q

Bladder- abnormal findings

A

Dilation- acute is usually urethral obstruciton, chronic is innervation problem
Pain- cystitis, stones
Abnormal surface- stones
Thickened wall- cystitis/ tumours

23
Q

Additional exams of the lower urinary tract

A

Rectal- prostate in males
Catherization for urethral obstruction
US, Radiography, Contrast exams, Cystoscopy
Urinalysis

24
Q

Additional- urinalysis

A

Sediment is NB for lower UTI

Stones always abnormal, crystals can be normal

25
Q

Urethra exam in females

A

Vaginal exam
Inspection
Palpation
Catherization

26
Q

Urethra exam in males

A

Palpation- rectally
Inspection and palpation- perineum, prepuce and penis
Catherization

27
Q

Exam of the prostate

A 
Palpation
Imaging methods- US
Urinalysis
Prostatic fluid exam
Cytology 
Biopsy
28
Q

Palpation of the prostate

A 
Abdominally or rectal digitally
Size
Shape 
Symmetry
Consistency
Pain

SAM (16 decks)

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