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Physical Health KN602 > Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors that may contribute to gastrointestinal tract conditions?

A

Bleeding, trauma, obstruction, perforation, inflammation, infections, tumors, congenital disorders, NS or circulatory system faults, ageing, anxiety and stress, irregular eating, low fibre/water intake, poor exercise, and genetic influences.

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2
Q

Signs and symptoms of a gastrointestinal disease include…

A 
Change in appetite
Weight loss
Nausea and vomiting
Dysphagia - struggling to swallow 
Intolerance to certain foods
Change in bowel habits
Abdominal pain
Flatus
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3
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux?

A

A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.

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4
Q

What does GORD stand for?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

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5
Q

What is gastris?

A

Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).

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6
Q

Treatment for GORD or gastris may include the administration of what?

A

Omeprazole (Losec)

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7
Q

What are the common side effects of omeprazole (losec)?

A

Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatutence, nausea, and vomiting along with headaches

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8
Q

What are some significant drug interactions to be aware of for Omeprazole (Losec)?

A

Diazepam
Ketoconazole
Litraconazole
Digoxin

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9
Q

What kind of medication is omeprazole (losec)?

A

Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

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10
Q

what does PPI stand for?

A

Proton pump inhibitor

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11
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of Omeprazole?

A

They suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the hydrogen - potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cells.

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12
Q

What is the pharmacokinetics of Omeprazole (Losec)?

A

PO, half-life somewhere between 30mins and 2 hours with the duration of action. (3-5 days)

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13
Q

What do we need to monitor for, with a patient taking omeprazole (losec)?

A

Watch for worsening symptoms of an underlying condition

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14
Q

What is the patient education required for a patient taking omeprazole (losec)?

A

Take missed dose as soon as remembered (do not double dose), store under 25 degrees, and be aware a rebound effect may occur

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15
Q

What is a rebound effect?

A

Rebound effects are the transient return of symptoms for which a medication has been prescribed (e.g., insomnia or anxiety)

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16
Q

How can we define ‘Diarrhoea’?

A

Increased frequency, amount, consistency of bowel motions more than three times per day

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17
Q

What are some causes of aetiology of Diarrhoea related to a decrease in fluid absorption?

A

Decrease in fluid absorption related to -
Laxatives, maldigestion, mal-absorption (pancreatitis), mucosal damage (chron’s disease), and decreased surface area (bowel resection)

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18
Q

What are some causes of aetiology of Diarrhoea related to a increase in fluid secretion?

A

Increase in fluid secretion due to - Infections, hormones, tumor, motility disturbances (irritable bowel syndrome, gastric resection/bypass.

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19
Q

What is a symptom of Mild dehydration (inc thirst)?

A

Dry oral mucous membranes

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of moderate dehydration?

A

Sunken eyes, loss of skin turgor, and membrances

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of severe dehydration?

A

Signs of shock, rapid and threeady pulse, cold extremities, tachypnoea (inc breathing), lethargy, and coma

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22
Q

What chart do we use when assessing constipation?

A

The bristol stool chart

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23
Q

What are some causes of constipation?

A

Colonic disorders, drug induced, opioid induced, systemic disorders, pregnancy, poor mobilisation.

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24
Q

Opioid induced constipation is a significant issue for what type of patients?

A

Post surgical patients

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25
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder, a small digestive organ beneath the liver.

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26
Q

What is cholecystitis (gall bladder inflammation) associated with?

A

A mixture of particulate solids precipitated from bile. Which consists of cholesterol crystals, calcium, bilirubinate pigment, and other calcium salts.

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27
Q

Incidence of cholecystitis is higher in what type of person?

A

A female over the age of 40

28
Q

What is acute cholecystitis?

A

Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. It causes pain and rigidity of the upper abdomen which can radiate to the mid sternum or right shoulder region and can cause nausea and vomiting.

29
Q

If the common bile duct becomes obstructed what symptom may we see?

A

Jaundice - yellow tinge to the skin associated with itchiness

30
Q

Appendicitis is most common in which age group?

A

Young adults and children

31
Q

Apendicitis results from what?

A

Kinking or occlusion by a faecalith (a hardened mass or faecal matter)

32
Q

Where will a person with appendicitis have pain?

A

Pain will begin in the periumbilical region (around the navel), progressing into localised severe lower right quadrant pain, this will be deep localised tenderness on palpation. Pain will temporarily decrease when the appendix ruptures and spills contents into the peritoneal cavity then will cause severe abdominal pain as this infection spreads.

33
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine resulting from a disorder of intestinal motility.

34
Q

What is intestinal motility?

A

the movement of food from the mouth through the pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and out of the body.

35
Q

How often will a person with irritable bowel syndrome experience symptoms?

A

For at least 3 days every month

36
Q

What are some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?

A

Chronic intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain
Irregular bowel habits
Diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal distention, flatulence, and bloating.
Continual defecation urge, urgency, feeling of incomplete evacuation

37
Q

What are the two common disorders that fall under ‘inflammatory bowel disease’?

A

Chrohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis

38
Q

What kind of people are more likely to have chrohn’s disease?

A

Young adults and adolescents, as well as women and older population (50-80 years)

39
Q

What kind of people are more likely to have ulcerative colitis?

A

In caucasian and people of jewish decent. Peak incidence between 30-50yrs of age.

40
Q

Ulcerative colitis can lead to what type of cancer?

A

Colon cancer

41
Q

chrohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are both characterised by periods of what?

A

Exacerbation and remission

42
Q

What is chohn’s disease?

A

It is a lifelong condition in which parts of the digestive system become inflamed. These parts include the terminal ileum, ascending colon, and transverse colon. This results in a thickened wall causing the mucosa to lose its regular folds.

43
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease of the large intestine, in which the lining of the colon and superficial mucosa rectum becomes inflamed and develops tiny open sores, or ulcers - causes bowel narrowing

44
Q

What are fistulas?

A

An abnormal connection between organs.

45
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of an inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Abdominal pain (mild), diarrhoea, bloody stools, weight loss (in chrohn’s), fever, fatigue, and malabsorption.

46
Q

What is the treatment for inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Resting the bowel, controlling inflammation, combating infection, correcting malnutrition, alleviating stress and proving symptomatic relief: done through medications as prescribed, surgery, and nutritional therapy.

47
Q

What is ‘volvulus’?

A

abnormal twisting leading to a bowel obstruction, gangrene, perforation, peritonitis and death. Frequently occurring in colon but can occur in stomach and small bowel too,

48
Q

What in gangrene?

A

Gangrene is a serious condition where a loss of blood supply causes body tissue to die.

49
Q

What is perforation?

A

Perforation is a hole that develops through the wall of a body organ.

50
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal wall and covering the abdominal organs

51
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A

Being a male, aged over 55, family history, colorectal polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, high fat diet, and low fibre diet.

52
Q

What examination results would indicate colorectal cancer?

A 
Biopsy from colonoscopy shows mass
CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) has elevated readings
Abnormal blood results
Mass visualised on CT scan
Palpable mass felt during abdo exam.
53
Q

What is a colectomy (colorectal surgery)?

A

Partial removal of the colon or removal of the entire colon

54
Q

What is a left hemi colectomy?

A

Removal of a diseased area of the bowel and length of normal bowel either side of it + removal of any potential diseased areas. Then the two ends of the healthy bowel are anastomosed (joined together) with clips or stitches, usually done laparoscopically.

55
Q

What is an ostomy?

A

A surgical opening that connects an organ or underlying structure directly to the skin

56
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

An opening through the neck connecting the trachea allowing the patient to breathe

57
Q

What is a stoma?

A

The end of the organ or structure on the skin surface

58
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

Where part of the colon is brought through the surface of the skin through an opening on to the abdomen. Usually located on the transverse or descending colon and they may be permanent or temporary. Allowing a patient to have normal bowel habits.

59
Q

What is a urostomy?

A

A permanent division of the urinary tract involving a stoma. This is usually when a patient has bladder cancer, urinary incontinence, congenital abdnormalities, or interstitial cystitis.

60
Q

What is Ileal conduit?

A

The most common type of urostomy where the ureter is implanted into a segment of the ileum that is led out though the abdominal wall, The loop of ileum is a passageway for the urine to pass.

61
Q

What is a uterostomy?

A

(Common in paediatrics) Where the ureter is brought to the surface of the abdomen creating the stoma on the surface

62
Q

What is a illeostomy?

A

Ileostomy is a stoma constructed by bringing the end or loop of small intestine out onto the surface of the skin,

63
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The last part of the small intestine

64
Q

A colostomy is used when?

A

A patient has cancer sigmoid colon, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis trauma, or volvulus.

65
Q

An ileostomy is used when?

A

When removal of the colon is required, most commonly for inflammatory bowel disease

66
Q

What are some potential stoma complications

A

Necrosis, detachment, recession, stenosis, prolapse, ulceration/skin irritation, para stomal herniation, fistual formation.

Physical Health KN602 (32 decks)

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