Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physical Health KN602 > Cardiovascular + Renal system - #1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular + Renal system - #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a PCI?

A

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
(PCI, formerly known as angioplasty with stent) is a non-surgical procedure that uses a catheter (a thin flexible tube) to place a small structure called a stent to open up blood vessels in the heart that have been narrowed by plaque buildup, a condition known as atherosclerosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does HF stand for?

A

Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do the kidneys reduce urine production and retain fluid in heart failure?

A

When the heart is unable to pump forcefully, the amount of blood it ejects with each contraction drops. This reduces the amount of blood that passes through the kidneys, causing urine and waste output to drop. i.e renal perfusion falls (The kidneys require blood flow to be able to pump urine out of the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 mechanisms the heart uses to compensate for the reduced blood flow through the body in heart faliure? (COME BACK TO ANSWER THIS ONE)

A

++++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The kidney is responsible for?

A 
Acid-base balance
Water balance
Electrolyte regulation
Toxin removal
BP regulation
Erythopoiteine production (RBC production in the bone marrow)
Vitamin D activation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate - the amount of blood that passes through the glomeruli each minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal blood flow through the kidneys?

A

105-125mls/min (99% is reabsorbed resulting in 1-1.5L of urine per 24hrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is eGFR?

A

The estimated GFR - Glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the pre-renal factors needed for urine production?

A

Adequate perfusion pressure (renal blood flow) and oxygenation of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the renal factors needed for urine production?

A

The kidney units must be functioning properly (no damage to the structures of the kidneys such as tubules and glomerulae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the post-renal factors needed for urine production?

A

There must be no obstruction to urine flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Oliguria?

A

An early warning sign related to poor urine output - 100-400ml/day (should be 1-1.5L per day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Anuria?

A

Late warning sign related to poor urine output - >100/day (should be 1-1.5L per day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is absolute anuria?

A

Nil urine output/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two hours of oliguria can cause what?

A

Acute kidney injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Acute kidney injury occurs when?

A

The kidneys are unable to remove the bodys metabolic waste or preform their seven regulatory functions. These metabolic wastes then build up in the body. and GFR falls as disease progresses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

Glomeruli are the tiny network of blood vessels that are the “cleaning units” of your kidney. They filter waste and remove extra fluids from your blood. When glomeruli are damaged and can’t function as they should, it’s called glomerular disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do kidney tubules work?

A

The tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes. A blood vessel runs alongside the tubule. As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rapid loss of renal function due to kidney damage can be what?

A

Life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of prerenal acute kidney injury include what?

A

Low cardiac output, low blood pressure, and severe vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of postrenal acute kidney injury include what?

A

Obstruction and renal calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is renal calculi?

A

A small, hard deposit that forms in the kidneys and is often painful when passed. Also called a kidney stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some intrarenal (intrinsic) causes of acute kidney injury?

A

damage to renal tissue, nephrotoxins, and NSAIDS

25
Q

What are nephrotoxins?

A

A nephrotoxin is a toxic agent or substance that inhibits, damages or destroys the cells and/or tissues of the kidneys.

26
Q

What are NSAIDS?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.

27
Q

What are the 4 phases of acute kidney injury? (these are different to the stages)

A
  1. Initiating phase - hours - days
  2. Oliguric phase - 10-14 days
  3. Diuretic phase
  4. Recovery phase - 3-12 months
28
Q

What nursing assessments would you undertake for an acute kidney injury? (8)

A 
Fluid balance chart (FBC)
Daily weigh (1kg of weight = 1k retained fluid) 
Skin integrity
Vital signs - EWS
Capillary refill time - CRT
Palpate and/or scan bladder 
Bloods - GFR, electrolytes, CBC
Assess ability to manage ADLs
29
Q

What does FBC stand for?

A

Fluid balance chart

30
Q

What does CRT stand for?

A

Capillary refill time

31
Q

What does CBC stand for?

A

Complete blood count

32
Q

what are our treatment goals with something like an acute kidney injury?

A

Prevention! Aim to prevent it all together

Management! Determine the cause and treat it eg manage MI, or give IV fluids.

Rest! Provide supportive care while they are unwell, patient should be well rested.

33
Q

What does MI stand for?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

34
Q

What can kidney injury progress to?

A

End stage kidney disease (ESKD)

i.e kidney faliure

35
Q

What does ESKD stand for?

A

End stage kidney disease

i.e kidney faliure

36
Q

When a patient is in ESKD, what will their GFR be?

A

<15ml/min

It should be over 60ml/min

37
Q

If a patient has ESKD (kidney faliure) what will they require?

A

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) dialysis or transplantation

38
Q

What is Renal replacement therapy (RRT) dialysis?

A

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a therapy for patients with kidney failure that replaces kidney function (i.e., removal of wastes and excess water from the body)

39
Q

What is transplantation?

A

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

40
Q

What are the two types of dialysis used for kidney faliure?

A

Haemodialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

41
Q

What is Haemodialysis?

A

Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.

42
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body.

43
Q

Do we need our kidneys for our blood pressure to remain stable?

A

Yes!

For cardiac output to remain stable, the body needs a fully functioning myocardium and kidneys

44
Q

What is a myocardium?

A

The muscles of the heart,

45
Q

Kidneys need blood flow to make what?

A

Urine

46
Q

When do we become concerned about low urine output?

A

When there are signs of poor perfusion.
I.e, low BP, slow cap refill, increasing HR, signs of dehydration, oliguria, and a change in the colour and consistency of the urine.

47
Q

What are the 2 main classifications of HF (Heart faliure)?

A

HFrEF - Systolic dysfunction
&
HFpEF - Diastolic dysfunction

48
Q

How is heart faliure classified?

A

By the different parts of the heart or cardiac cycle that are not functioning well

49
Q

With systolic dysfunction (HF-rEF).

What occurs during the diastole?

A

The enlarged ventricles will with blood.

50
Q

What is the diastole?

A

The filling of the heart.

51
Q

What is the systole?

A

The pumping of the heart

52
Q

With systolic dysfunction (HF-rEF).

What occurs during the systole?

A

The ventricles pump out less than 40% to 50% of the blood.

53
Q

With a normal heart.

What occurs during the diastole?

A

The ventricles fill normally with blood.

54
Q

With a normal heart

What occurs during the systole?

A

The ventricles pump out about 60% of the blood.

55
Q

With diastolic dysfunction (HF-pEF).

What occurs during the diastole?

A

The stiff ventricles fill with less blood than normal

56
Q

With diastolic dysfunction (HF-pEF).

What occurs during the systole?

A

The ventricles pump out about 60% of the blood. But the amount may be lower than normal.

57
Q

High potassium in the body due to acute kidney injury will have what consequences?

A

The most obvious symptom of too much potassium is an abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia). Severe cases can lead to death.

58
Q

When a patient is at risk of oliguria and anuria the best nursing management would be?

A

Using a fluid balance chart

Physical Health KN602 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions