Cardiovascular + Renal system - #2 Flashcards
What is an IHD?
ischemic heart disease - It’s the term given to heart problems caused by narrowed heart arteries. When arteries are narrowed, less blood and oxygen reaches the heart muscle. This is also called coronary artery disease and coronary heart disease. This can ultimately lead to heart attack.
What are some modifiable risk factors for IHD (Ischemic heart disease)?
The risk factors that can be controlled (modifiable) are: High BP; high blood cholesterol levels; smoking; diabetes; overweight or obesity; lack of physical activity; unhealthy diet and stress.
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for IHD (Ischemic heart disease)?
non-modifiable risk factors are: age ethnic background family history of heart disease. The older you are, the more likely you are to develop coronary heart disease or to have a cardiac event (angina, heart attack or stroke).
What is the aim of cardiac rehabilitation?
The main goals of cardiac rehabilitation are: to prevent you suffering further cardiovascular events by helping you take control of your life to improve your quality of life.
How does a myocardial infraction lead to heart failure?
Heart failure developing after MI hospitalization is a consequence of cardiomyocyte death and scar formation, which triggers chronic neurohumoral activation (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system up-regulation) and ventricular remodelling.
What is the difference between HFrEF and HFpEF?
The key difference between HFpEF and HFrEF is that HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) takes place when the left ventricle fails to fill properly during diastolic phase while HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) takes place when the heart muscles fail to squeeze properly to pump an adequate amount of oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body during systolic phase.
What are some compensatory mechanisms that are initiated in HF?
The compensatory mechanisms that have been described thus far include: activation of the sympathetic (adrenergic) nervous system (SNS) and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS).
which maintain cardiac output through increased retention of salt and water, peripheral arterial vasoconstriction and increased contractility; and inflammatory mediators1 that are involved in cardiac repair and remodelling.
What does ACS stand for and what does it describe?
Acute coronary syndrome
a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.
Which conditions are included under the term ACS?
Types of ACS are:
Unstable angina: This involves sudden, unexpected chest pain or pressure, even while resting. It’s a warning sign of a heart attack and occurs when stable angina worsens.
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: An NSTEMI is a heart attack that providers can detect with blood tests but not with an electrocardiogram (EKG). It means your coronary arteries aren’t fully blocked or were blocked for a short amount of time.
ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A STEMI is a much more severe heart attack that providers can detect with blood tests and EKG. It occurs when blood flow to your heart is fully blocked for a long time, affecting a large part of your heart.
What is an Unstable angina?
a condition in which your heart doesn’t get enough blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack. Angina is a type of chest discomfort caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium).
What is angina?
Angina is a type of chest discomfort caused by poor blood flow through the blood vessels (coronary vessels) of the heart muscle (myocardium).
What is an Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction?
An NSTEMI is a heart attack that providers can detect with blood tests but not with an electrocardiogram (EKG). It means your coronary arteries aren’t fully blocked or were blocked for a short amount of time.
What is a ST-elevation myocardial infarction?
A STEMI is a much more severe heart attack that providers can detect with blood tests and EKG. It occurs when blood flow to your heart is fully blocked for a long time, affecting a large part of your heart.
What is the difference between angina, MI, and cardiac arrest.
Angina is a type of chest pain as a result of narrowed coronary arteries.
MI is the result of blocked coronary arteries causing permanent heart damage. “Circulation” problem.
Cardiac arrest when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly. “Electrical” problem.
What is ejection fraction?
Ejection fraction (EF) is a measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction.
What is left-sided heart failure?
Where your left ventricle is unable to pump blood adequately and blood builds up in the pulmonary veins
There are two types of left-sided heart failure:
Systolic failure. This is when your left ventricle isn’t able to contract normally and your heart can’t push an adequate amount of blood into circulation.
Diastolic failure. This means your left ventricle doesn’t relax properly due to stiffness and your heart doesn’t fill with enough blood between beats, or the pressure for the heart to function is very high.
What is right-sided heart failure?
Right-sided heart failure is where the right ventricle cant pump blood properly through the veins leading to blood buildup, which in turn may lead to fluid retention and swelling. The legs are the most common area to develop swelling, but it’s also possible to develop it in your genitals and abdomen.
Right-sided heart failure most often develops from left-sided heart failure due to a backup of blood around your lungs that puts more stress on the right side of your heart.
