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PNP Exam > Gastrointestinal Issues and Disorders > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Issues and Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nonspecific term applied to a syndrome of acute nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as the result of an acute irritation/inflammation of the gastric mucosa?

A

gastroenteritis

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2
Q

What virus is responsible for about 50% of gastroenteritis cases?

A

rotavirus

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3
Q

What is considered moderate dehydration?

A

increased HR, decreased skin turgor, slightly sunken fontanel, and UO <1 mL/kg/day

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4
Q

What gastroenteritis-causing organisms require two negative stool cultures before return to daycare?

A

E. coli and Shigella

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5
Q

What is a condition in which gastric contents pass into the esophagus fromt he stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

GERD

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6
Q

What is physiological GERD?

A

infrequent, episodic vomiting

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7
Q

What is functional GERD?

A

painless, effortless vomiting with no physical sequelae (wet burps)

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8
Q

What is pathological GERD?

A

frequent vomiting with alteration in physical functioning, such as FTT and aspiration pneumonia

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9
Q

By what age does GERD typically resolve?

A

18 months

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10
Q

What are the non-pharmacologic mangement recommendations for GERD?

A

small, frequent feedings; burp frequently during feedings; continue breastfeeding and avoid formula changes; AR formula or rice cereal to breastmilk; elevate head after feeding

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11
Q

What medication class should be tried first in the management of GERD?

A

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists (i.e. famotidine)

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12
Q

What medication class can be tried after a histamine h2-receptor antagonist for the treatment of GERD?

A

proton pump inhibitors (i.e. omeprazole)

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13
Q

What is an obstruction resulting from thickening of the circular muscle of the pylorus, occurring in 1:500 infants?

A

pyloric stenosis

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14
Q

What can delay the presentation of pyloric stenosis?

A

breastfeeding

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15
Q

What is the most common age for presentation of pyloric stenosis?

A

3 weeks to 4 months of age

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16
Q

What is described as projectile, non-bilious vomiting after eating and where the infant is hungry again after vomiting?

A

pyloric stenosis

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17
Q

When is the pyloric olive present with pyloric stenosis?

A

AFTER vomiting

18
Q

How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?

A

abdominal US

19
Q

What is an acute prolapse (telescoping) of one part of the intestine into another adjacent segment of the intestine?

A

intussusception

20
Q

What is one potential cause for intussusception?

A

adenovirus

21
Q

When do most cases on intussusception occur?

A

before the age of 2 years

22
Q

What is often described as a sausage-shaped mass in the RUQ?

A

intussusception

23
Q

What GI illness has symptoms of failure to pass meconium, bilious vomiting, and infrequent/explosive bowel movements?

A

hirschsprung’s disease (aganglionic megacolon)

24
Q

With appendicitis, what is psoas sign?

A

pain with right thigh extension

25
Q

With appendicitis, what is obturator sign?

A

pain with internal rotation of the right thigh

26
Q

What is steatorrhea?

A

bulky, foul-smelling stool

27
Q

What is a tumor arising from neural tissue (frequently the adrenal gland) and can spread to bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, skin, and orbits of the eyes?

A

neuroblastoma

28
Q

What is the #1 symptom of neuroblastoma?

A

enlarged abdominal mass

29
Q

What are late symptoms of neuroblastoma?

A

FTT, profuse sweating, and tachycardia

30
Q

Which hepatitis is an enteral virus, transmitted via the fecal-oral route?

A

hepatitis A

31
Q

Which hepatitis commonly results from contaminated water and food?

A

hepatitis A

32
Q

Which hepatitis is a blood-borne virus present in saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, and all other body fluids?

A

hepatitis B

33
Q

Which hepatitis has a more insidious onset?

A

hepatitis B

34
Q

What are the pre-icteric symptoms of hepatitis?

A

fatigue, malaise, anorexia, N/V, headache, aversion to second-hand smoke and alcohol odors

35
Q

What are the icteric symptoms of hepatitis?

A

weight loss, jaundice, itching, RUQ pain, clay-colored stools, and dark urine

36
Q

When would IgM be seen with hepatitis?

A

during active infections (think IgM = immediate) - so, active hepatitis A, active hepatitis B

37
Q

When would IgG be seen with hepatitis?

A

once the active infection is gone (think IgG = gone) - so, recovered hepatitis B

38
Q

What serology is present in chronic hepatitis B?

A

HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-Hbe, IgM, IgG

39
Q

When is the antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) seen?

A

recovered hepatitis B

40
Q

Acute and chronic hepatitis C look the same with serology, which is what?

A

anti-HCV, HCV-RNA

PNP Exam (18 decks)

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