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PNP Exam > Cardiovascular Issues and Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Issues and Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What heart sound is heard when the mitral/tricuspid (AV) valves close?

A

S1

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2
Q

What heart sound is heard when the aortic/pulmonic (semilunar) valves close?

A

S2

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3
Q

What is the period between S1 and S2?

A

systole

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4
Q

What is the period between S2 and S1?

A

diastole

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5
Q

What heart sound can be heard during periods of increased fluid state, such as with CHF and pregnancy?

A

S3

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6
Q

What heart sound is described as sounding like “Ken-tuck-y?”

A

S3

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7
Q

What heart sound can be heard when ventricle walls are stiff, such as with an MI, left ventricular hypertrophy, or chronic hypertension?

A

S4

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8
Q

What heart sound is described as sounding like “Ten-ne-ssee?”

A

S4

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9
Q

What are you listening to when auscultating in the right upper sternal border?

A

aortic

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10
Q

What are you listening to when auscultating in the left upper sternal border?

A

pulmonic

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11
Q

What are you listening to at Erb’s point (apex)?

A

aortic or mitral

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12
Q

What kind of defect would you hear at the left lower sternal border?

A

VSD or tricuspid

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13
Q

Blood flows from areas of _____ to _____ pressure.

A

higher to lower

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14
Q

What does a VSD sound like?

A

thrill

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15
Q

What defects represnt left to right shunting?

A

acyanotic lesions

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16
Q

What defects represent right to left shunting?

A

cyanotic lesions

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17
Q

ASD, VSD, and PDA are considered what kind of defects?

A

acyanotic defects

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18
Q

Transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of fallot are considered what kind of defects?

A

cyanotic defects

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19
Q

Aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta are considered what kind of defects?

A

obstructive defects

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20
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

VSD

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21
Q

With what heart defect is a fixed split S2 a common finding?

A

ASD

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22
Q

What kind of murmur would you hear at the LUSB when an ASD is present?

A

systolic ejection murmur

23
Q

With what defect would you hear/feel a holosystic thrill at the LLSB?

A

VSD

24
Q

When would you hear a holosystolic thrill with a VSD?

A

throughout systole

25
Q

What kind of defect produces a “machinery” sounding holosystolic murmur heard best at the LUSB?

A

PDA

26
Q

What cyanotic heart defect has the same murmur as with a VSD?

A

transposition of the great arteries

27
Q

What heart defect is described as “egg on a string” with x-ray?

A

transposition of the great arteries

28
Q

What are the 4 defects associated with a tet?

A

large VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

29
Q

With what heart defect is the murmur described as a loud systolic ejection click at the middle and upper left sternal border?

A

tetralogy of fallot

30
Q

How is a tet spell described?

A

hypercyanotic episode

31
Q

With what heart defect is the murmur described as a systolic thrill at the RUSB and systolic ejection click which does not vary with respirations?

A

aortic stenosis

32
Q

With what heart defect is the murmur described as a thrill at the LUSB radiating to the back and sides and does the intensity of the murmur decrease with inspiration and increase with expiration?

A

pulmonic stenosis

33
Q

What is the cardinal finding associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

decreased or absent pulses in the lower extremities, as well as BP lower in the lower extremities than the upper

34
Q

What kind of murmur is heard with coarctation of the aorta?

A

aortic/ejection click with radiation to the left inter scapular area

35
Q

What kind of heart defect(s) is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?

A

aortic arch anomalies

36
Q

What kind of heart defect(s) is associated with down syndrome?

A

atrioventricular septal defects, VSD

37
Q

What kind of heart defect(s) is associated with marfan syndrome?

A

aortic regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse

38
Q

What kind of heart defect(s) is associated with turner syndrome?

A

coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve

39
Q

What kind of murmur is described as a low intensity systolic murmur that can vary with position (sitting > standing)?

A

innocent murmur (i.e. functional, benign, or physiologic murmur)

40
Q

What can be best described as when the heart rate varies upon inspiration and expiration?

A

sinus arrhythmia

41
Q

What is the most common innocent murmur in children?

A

still’s murmur

42
Q

How is a still’s murmur described?

A

musical systolic murmur heard best between LLSB and apex

43
Q

Where can a venous hum be heard best?

A

RUSB

44
Q

What murmur is heard best in the sitting position and disappears in the supine position?

A

venous hum

45
Q

What murmur is obliterated by turning head and/or compressing neck ipsilaterally?

A

venous hum

46
Q

What is a persitent elevation of average systolic/diastolic blood pressure >95th percentile with measurements obtained on at least three separate occasions per published tables for age and sex?

A

hypertension

47
Q

What is a post-infectious inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, and central nervous system?

A

rheumatic fever/heart disease

48
Q

What kind of infection does rheumatic fever follow?

A

group A strep infection

49
Q

How is rheumatic fever diagnosed?

A

two major or one major and two minor Jones’ criteria

50
Q

What is an acute febrile syndrome causing vasculitis and most commonly noted in children under the age of 2?

A

Kawasaki disease

51
Q

What is the leading cause of coronary artery disease in children of an infectious etiology?

A

Kawasaki disease

52
Q

What ECG changes would be seen with Kawasaki disease?

A

prolonged PR or QT interval

53
Q

When diagnosing Kawasaki disease, the patient must have fever > 5 days and at least 4 other symptoms. When remembering the symptoms, what pneumonic can be used and what does it stand for?

A

“Fiery CRASH” (think 5 days of fever and 5 letters in fiery); C - conjunctival injection, R - polymorphous rash, A - cervical lymphadenopathy, S - strawberry tongue, H - erythema and edema of hands

54
Q

How would a pediatric cardiologist treat Kawasaki disease?

A

high-dose aspirin, 80-100mg/kg/day until afebrile for 48 hours, then lower dose to 3-5mg/kg/day

PNP Exam (18 decks)

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