Gascony - South West France Flashcards
Where is Gascony?
West=Atlantic,
East=Massif Central
South=Pyrenees
North=Bordeaux.
What are the sub-regions of Gascony
1=The Bergerac and Dordogne River
2=The Garonne, Tarn and Lot
3=The Pyrenean foothills
What are the two French administrative regions in which South-West lies
Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie
What are the main cultural identities of the South-West
Basque influence
Literary works(The Three Musketeers and Cyrano de Bergerac.)
Food (duck, goose, foie gras, chestnuts, truffles, wine and Armagnac).
Catholic pilgrimage (Lourdes, Santiago de Compostela.)
Describe the leading roles of the co-operatives in the South-West wine industry
Vinovalie co-operative (amalgamation of four co-operatives)
trains people to work in the wine industry. partnered with 11 other co-operatives around France to collectively promote all of their top cuvées under the Marques & Coop umbrella.
Cave de Fronton is now the leading producer of rosé in South-West.
What is the general climate of the South West
Continental (but regional influences)
What influences the climate of the Bergereac and Dordogne sub-region
maritime influences with slightly warmer temperatures and more sun than Bordeaux.
What influences the climate of the Garonne, Tarn and Lot sub-region
maritime and Mediterranean influences. The exact location of each A.O.C determines which weather pattern dominates
What influences the climate of the Pyrenees sub-region
maritime influences but are impacted by the Pyrenees and benefit from the rain shadow provided by that mountain range as well as its foehn winds and cool air masses.
Which are the major river systems of South-West
Much river traffic through the area
Clockwise from 12….
Dordogne,
Lot
Tarn
Garonne
Gers
Adour
(Garonne again)
Match the river to the AOC
Cahors Dordogne
Gaillac Lot
Armagnac Garonne
Bergerac Tarn
Cotes de Marmandais Ardour
Madiran Gers
Cahors=Lot
Gaillac=Tarn
Armagnac=Gers
Bergerac=Dordogne
Cotes de Marmandais=Garonne
Madiran=Ardour
Which are the major soil types of South-West France
- Limestone
- Marls composed of clay, sand and limestone
- Ancient alluvial river terraces deposited during various periods of glacial melt; largely comprised of pebbles, gravels, quartz and sand
- Wind-blown loess
- Flysch (thin beds of shale or marl interspersed with sandstone)
- Shale, granite and mica sch
What soils would you find in the Bergereac and Dordogne sub-region
Near Massif Central
Clay and Limestone
What soils do you find in the Garonne, Tarn, Lot sub-region
Gravelly alluvium
Gravelly clays, limestone clays and sandy clays (boulbenes)
What soils do you find in the Pyrenees sub-region
Limestone rich clays
Sandy clays with galets (or poudingues)
Sand, Limestone, clay
Why did the South-West became a crucible of grapevine crosses?
Native and imported varieties were planted side by side in pre-phylloxera vineyards and ended up influencing both local and global viticulture through the spontaneous crosses they produced.
What are the important crosses of South West France
- Merlot= Cabernet Franc (Basque) x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes (local)
- Cot (Malbec)= Prunelard (local) x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes (local)
- Carmenere = Cabernet Franc (basque) x Gros Cabernet….. plus
4 Tannat = local variety
What has influenced the evolution of South-West viticulture over the past 70 years,
- Co-operative influence
- Oenotourism and organic farming
- Local grape varieties (good with climate change)
- Changing food tastes (less foie gras, sweet wines)
- Popular alternative crops (corn=maize, wheat)
- Micro-oxygenation
What were the historic barriers to international trade
Overshadowed by Bordeaux trade (Bordeaux takes priority up to 18C)
Who was Patrick Ducournau?
Invented a technique for softening wine - micro-oxygenation - in 1991 in Madiran (with Tannat)
What is micro-oxygenation?
micro-oxygenation=microbullage=‘microx’= ‘mox’,
vinification technique by winemaker Patrick Ducournau in madiran 1991 to control the aeration of wines in tank..
The micro-oxygenation apparatus consists of a system of two chambers and valves connected to a cylinder of oxygen. The gas is moved into a first chamber that is calibrated to the volume of wine. It then moves into a second chamber and is delivered into the wine, a timer controlling the periodic injection of a predetermined dose. The gas passes through a small polyamide tube into the tank and diffuses through a porous ceramic stone hung near the bottom of the vessel.
What are the benefits of micro-oxygenation?
Makes tannins more gentle (mirrors the effects of oxygen on wines treated to barrel maturation)
=> softer taste and more stable colours
Less green/stalky flavours
Builds healthy yeasts (avoids stuck fermentation)
What are the top ten planted grapes in the South West
Merlot
Colombard
Sauvignon Blanc
Cot
Gros Manseng
Semillon
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
Ugni Blanc
Tannat
Describe Merlot
Cross of Cabernet Franc (Basque) x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes (local)
Moderate tannins, pigment
High alcohol
Low acidity
Blueberry, cherry, plum
Bordeaux and South West
AOCs of Bergerac and Dordogne sub-region
Describe Cot (or Malbec)
Cross of Prunelard (local) x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes (local)
Local to Cahors => CAHORS AOC min 70%
Also known as Auxerrois
High tannins and pigment (black)
Low acidity
Blackberry, plum, prune
Bordeaux and South West
AOCs of Bergereac and Dordogne
AOCs of Garonne, Tarn and Lot
Describe Fer Servadou
Similar in taste and structure to Cabernet Franc
Originates in Basque country
High in Tannin, Pigment, Acidity
Gaillac AOC (Tarn)
Describe Negrette
Supple, fragrant
High pigments
Low acidity, tannin
Blackcurrant and Liquorice
FRONTON AOC (Tarn) >40% Negrette
Describe Lem de l’El
= Loin de l’Oeil (far from sight)
Dry and sweet wines
Gaillac AOC
Describe Mauzac
High acid
Aromatic
NAative to south west
Gaillac AOC
Describe Manseng - Gros and Petit
Gros has larger berries, thinner skin
Petit is more aromatic
Passerillage for sweet wines (dried on vine)
High acid and High sugar
Ripe peaches, honey, sugar
Jurancon, Pacherenc du Vic-Bihl, Irouleguy
Describe Tannat
Tough, deep black-berried vine variety
Madiran (and Uruguay)
What are the main points to know about Bergerac AOC
Large AOC
mainly red, but also dry and sweet white, and rosé wines in the image of bordeaux
Tourism, Truffles and Foie gras
What are the main points to know about Cotes de Bergerac AOC
Similar to Bergerac but longer-lasting, more usually barrel-aged
Lower yields and higher abv than Bergerac
What are the main points to know about Monbazillac AOC
Largest dessert wine area in France
Dordogne/Bergerac area
Sweet white and SGN
Savignon Blanc, Semillon, Muscadelle
>80% of these in blend
> 12% abv
What are the main points to know about Saussignac AOC
Like Monbazillac…but smaller
Dordogne/Bergerac area
Sweet white and SGN
Savignon Blanc, Semillon, Muscadelle
What are the main points to know about Fronton AOC
Tarn
Reds and Rose from Negrette
Boulbenes soil
What are the main points to know about Gaillac AOC
Tarn
Variety of styles
Early sparking - ancestrale, traditional and Perle
Sweet whites-Doux and VT
Red- Bdx type or primeur from Gamay
L’en de L’el, MAUZAC and Muscadelle for whites
Duras, Syrah and Fer Servadou for reds
What are the main points to know about Cahors AOC
Lot
Arid limestone plateau= Causses
Only red wine from Cot (=Auxerroise)
>70% Cot
Inky black wines
What are the main points to know about Madiran AOC
Pyrenees - Ardour river
Rain shadow effect
Only red wines
>50% Tannat
Pinenc (Fer Servedou) and Bouchy (Cabernet Franc)
Micro-oxygenation
What are the main points to know about Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh AOC
Pyrennes - Ardour river
Same area as Madiran
Gros and Petit MARSANG plus Corbu (inc Petit)
Dry and Sweet whites
More abv than Jurancon
Passerillage (dried on the vine)
What are the main points to know about Juracon AOC
Pyrenees
One of earliest AOCs
Soils have galets and Pudingues
Spring frosts
Dry (sec) and sweet whites
Gros and Petit MARSANG
Passerillage (dried on the vine)
What are the main points to know about Irouleguy AOC
Pyrenenees/Basque
Acidity
Sandstone/limestone/clay
Southernmost AOC of SW France
The local Tannat grape and/or Cabernet Franc must constitute between 50 and 90% of the light, crisp reds with the rest made up of Cabernet Sauvignon. A little distinctively fragrant white wine is also made from the indigenous varieties courbu, petit courbu, gros manseng, and petit manseng
What are the main points to know about Cotes de Gascogne IGP
One of most important IGPs in France
2nd in production to Pays d’Oc
75% dry white
Same zone as Armagnac
What type of topography is used for South-West’s vineyards
Rolling hills and river terraces of Aquitaine basin
What is to the North, South< East and West of Gascony
North=Bordeaux
East=Massif Central
South=Pyrennes
West=Atlantic Ocean
Which subregions have a continental climate with solely martime influence
Bergerac and Dordogne river
Martime/Med=Garonne, Tarn, Lot
Which are the important rivers of the South West
Garonne
Dordogne
Lot
Tarn
Gers
Adour
Which are the top 4 grapes grown on South West
Merlot
Colombard
Sauvignon Blanc
Cot
What is the overall climate of South-West France?
Maritime
Semi-Maritime
Mediterranean
Continental
Continental
The majority of the South-West’s vineyards lie in the Aquitaine Basin. Some of the eastern vineyard areas are outside this. On which geographical feature do you find these vineyards?
Armorican Massif
Pyrenees
Rhîne Graben
Massif Central
Massif Central
Where was viticulture establised first
South West Bordeaux
Gascony inlcudes Perigord and Bergerac- True or False
True
What was the Bordeaux wine merchants ruling that impacted South West wines from 13c to 18c
no wines from South-West could be sold until all of the wines of Bordeaux had been sent to their markets.
What is the famous place of pilgramage in South West
Lourdes
Also part of the route to Saintiago de Compostela
Who was d’Artagnan
hero of Alexandre Dumas’s great novel The Three Musketeers - based on real man
Who was Cyrano de Bergerac
Hero of play and film
Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac was born in 1619 – making him a contemporary of D’Artagnan – and grew up in his family’s estates in Bergerac before following a varied career path as a novelist, playwright, duelist and – just as in the story – man of letters.
What is armagnac
famous brandy of Gascony
Why did wine production stagnate in South-West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? Select all that apply.
Two World Wars
South West producers were blocked from using the port of Bordeaux for exporting their wines
Downy Mildew
Phylloxera
Devastating weather
Two world wars
Downy mildew
Phylloxera
Historically which port was the main export hub for wines from the South-West?
Bayonne
Bordeaux
Biarritz
Nantes
Bordeaux
Which are the three sub-regions of South-West
Dordogne/Bergerac
Garonne, Tarn. Lot
Pyrenees
What are the top 4 AOCs in South West
Bergerac
Cahors
Gaillac
Montbazillac
Which of the three South-West sub-regions is the most spread out?
Bergerac/Dordogne
Garonne, Tarn and Lot
Pyrenees
Garonne, Tarn and Lot
Which of these staements about Cabernet Franc are true
1 Originated in South West/Basque country
2 Parent is Hondarrabi Zuri
3 High tanin and alcohol
4 Parent (with Magdelaine Noire des Charantes) of Merlot
5 Also known as Berchy
1 Originated in South West/Basque country =Yes
2 Parent is Hondarrabi Zuri=No Hondarabbi Beltza
3 High tanin and alcohol=No, moderate tannin, aroma, acid
4 Parent (with Magdelaine Noire des Charantes) of Merlot=Yes
5 Also known as Berchy=No, Bouchy
What are the parents of Cot
Prunelard (pr Prunelart)
Magdelaine Noire des Charantes
What are the parents of Carmenere
Cabernet Franc
Gros Cabernet (Hondarribi x Fer Servadou)
Where have some red grapes found their homes in South America
Tannat = from Madiran to Uruguay
Carmenere= from SW France to Chile
Malbec = from Cahors to Argentina
Which famous winemaking technique origonated in South West France
Micro-oxygenation (MOX, microbulleage)
Used in Madiran
Softens tannins, eliminates reduction
What does micro-oxygenation do to a wine?
Introduces bubbles oxygen into the wine – so making it sparkling
Introduce more complexity to the wine
Softens the tannins
Makes wines in a Nouveau/Primeur style
Softens tannins
Both Merlot and Côt came about from crossings of two other grape varieties. They both have a parent in common – which grape variety is that?
Fer Servadou
Hondarribi Beltza
Gros Cabernet
Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
Madeleine Angevine
Cabernet Franc
Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
How does Bergerac AOC differ from Cotes de Bergerac AOC
Bergerac does dry white, rose and red but Cotes is red and semi-sweet to sweet wines (never dry)
Cotes is higher abv
but ….
Same production area and reds must be blends
Which sub-region would you identify for its use of Barriques with Merlot dominated blends for reds and Sauvignon Blanc for dry whites. Semillon for sweet whites
Dordogne/Bergerac
What are the 2 famous sweet wine AOCs in Dordogne/Bergerac
Monbazillac and Saussignac
What types of wine are made in Bergerac AOC
Dry white
Sparkling
Semi-sweet whites
Rose
Dry red
Dry white, rose and red
Always blends
What types of wine are made in Cotes de Bergerac
Red and semi-sweet to sweet whites
Which would have a higher alcohol for red wines - Bergereac AOC or Cotes de Bergereac AOC
Cotes de Bergerac AOC
What is the largest dessert wine appellation by size and volume in France.
Monbazillac
What are the requirements to note for Monbazillac - sweet and SGN
Min sweetness 4.5% (generally sweeter than Sauternes)
Hand harvested
May be late and/or botrytised
SGN will be botrytised
>80% of primary varitiees
Min abv 12%
How does minimum sweetnes differ between Monbazillac and Saussignac
Monbazillac=4.5
Saussignac=6.8%
What are the main soils of Bergerac?
Chalk
Sandstone
Clay and Limestone
Granite
Clay and Limestone
Which river flows through Bergerac AOC?
Garonne
Gironde
Tarn
Dordogne
Lot
Dordogne
Which wine growing area lies to south east of Garonne, Tarn and Lot
Languedoc
What are the white grapes of Garonne, Tarn and Lot that are found in Gaillac
One is popular for dry and sweet white wines and the other for sparkling
Len de l’El
Mauzac Blanc
Which rose grape is found in Gaillac and used for dry-> sweet wines and sparkling
Mauzac Rose
The Garonne, Tarn, Lot region uses 1 of the primary Bordeaux red grapes and there are also one each specialist grapes for Gaillac and Fronton
Cot (Malbec)
Fer Servadou (Bracoul)
Negrette
Which are the 3 need to know AOCs in the Garonne, Tarn and Lot region
Fronton
Gaillac
Cahors
What style of wines does Fronton make
Red and rose only
What is the minimum % of negrette in Fronton wines and does this differ for reds or roses?
40% for both
What are boulbenes
Sandy clay soils
Which of these are not a style of Gaillac
dry white,
rosé,
red,
semi-sweet whites
sweet white,
Vendanges Tardives,
SGN
sparkling white and
sparkling rosé.
Semi-sweet whites and SGN
What is a Cahors white wine primarily made from
None- only red wines
What are Causses
Limestone plateaus in Cahors
What are the black wines and where are they from
Cahors AOC
Must use at least 70% Cot
What is the local name for Cot in Cahors
Auxerrois
The elearning shows 9 styles of Gaillac wine - what are they
Blanc Sec (usually blends)
Rose (blend of 2 or more of Duras, Syrah and Fer Servadou)
Rouge (blend of 2 or more of Duras, Syrah and Fer Servadou)
Blanc Sec Perle (prickly, CO2 before or after malolactic)
Traditional Method (Len de l’el, on lees >9/12, less than 5%)
Ancestral Method (Mauzacs)
Doux (>4.5% - Mauzac and Muscadelle)
Vendages Tardives (Len de l’el and Ondenc)
Primeur (Gamay, 3rd Thur Nov release)
Fronton AOC is primarily known for which grape variety?
Negrette
Which rivers flow either side of Fronton AOC?
Lot and Tarn
Lot and Garonne
Tarn and Garonne
Garonne and Gers
Tarn and Garonne
Which mountain give Fhoen wind effects
Pyrennes
Which are the main rivers of the Pyrennes region
Nive
Gave d’Orloron
Gave de Pau
Adour
Gers
Which grape variety comes in Gros and Petit
Manseng
Which is the famous red grape variety found in Madiran
Tannat
Which are the need to know AOCs that are in the Pyrennes
Madiran (red)
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Jurancon
Irouleguy
Madiran AOC must use at least 50% Tannat but which 3 other red grapes are in the blend
Cabernet franc
Cabernet Sauvignon - Known locally as Bouchy)
Fer Servadou- known locally as Pinenc
Which Pyrennes AOC makes dry whites and sweet whites throughout the same geographical area as Madiran from the Mansengs and Corbus
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
What is the minumum RS for sweet wines of Pachernec du Vic-Bilh
4.5%
What would you see a dry white wine from Juracon labelled as
Jurancon Sec
What are galets and poudingues
Pebbles in sandy clays
Which is the most difficult to pronounce AOC in the Pyrennes
Irouleguy
Irouleguy makes just red and dry white, whites must be a blend of at least two varieties. Reds must contain a majority of Tannat and/or Cabernet Franc.
True or False
False - also makes rose
What is Irouleguy’s fascinating fact
Irouléguy is the only AOC within the French Basque country.
What are the 3 types of Jurancon found on a label
Jurancon Sec
Jurancon
Jurancon Vendages Tardive
Jurancon Vendages Tardives have what characteristics for their production
Grapes
How sweetened
Min sweetness
Minimum tries
Time of harvest
Date of sale release
Grapes- only the Mansengs
Not botrytis - passerillage
Min sweetness 5.5%
Min 2 tries
Harvest only after Nov 2nd
Sale after 15 June of 2nd year after harvest
Jurancon wines have grapes affected by botrytis - True or False
False - passillerage only
Min sweetness 4%
Which Pyrenees AOC straddles the Nive River?
Jurançon
Madiran
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Irouléguy
Furtherest South west=Irouleguy
Which two Pyrenees AOCs cover (almost) the same territory?
Irouléguy and Béarn
Côtes de Gascogne and Armagnac
Jurançon and Irouléguy
Béarn and Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh and Madiran
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh and Madiran
Why is South-West France a relatively minor player on the global wine market?
Shadow of Bordeaux
Bordeaux wine merchants controlled access to sea trade
Spread out wineries
Which AOC is most associated with the Len de l’El grape variety?
Bergerac
Irouléguy
Fronton
Gaillac
Gaillac
Which IGP covers same zone of production as Armagnac
Cotes de Gascogne
Which South-West AOC is located within the French Basque country?
Fronton
Irouléguy
Gaillac
Côtes de Gascogne
Irouleguy
The Tarn river runs through which of these AOCs?
Fronton
Jurançon
Bergerac
Gaillac
Irouléguy
Cahors
Gaillac
What borders the South-West to the east?
Atlantic Ocean
Pyrenees
Region of Bordeaux
The Massif Central
Massif Central
The Côtes de Gascogne IGP is France’s second largest IGP in production volume.
True or False
True
Côtes de Gascogne IGP produces approximately 100 million bottles (750,000 hl) – making it the second largest IGP in terms of production. Pays d’Oc IGP is the largest.
Which AOC surrounds the majority of Monbazillac AOC?
Bergerac
Cahors
Saussignac
Côtes de Duras
Bergerac
Where is Blanc Sec Perlé made?
Bergerac
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Gaillac
Fronton
Jurançon
Gaillac
Which of these is the primary grape variety for red wines in Madiran AOC?
Tannat
Côt
Négrette
Fer Servadou
Tannat
Which river flows through Cahors?
Dordogne
Garonne
Lot
Tarn
Lot
Which of these South-West AOCs only make white wine?
Select all that apply:
Monbazillac AOC
Bergerac AOC
Saussignac AOC
Fronton AOC
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh AOC
Irouléguy AOC
Jurançon AOC
Monbazillac
Saussignac
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Jurancon
Which are sweet wine AOCs only
Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh
Monbazillac
Jurancon
Saussignac
Monbazillac and Saussignac
Which grape varieties are associated with sparkling wines in Gaillac AOC?
Select all that apply:
Len de l’El
Ondenc
Gros Manseng
Petit Manseng
Mauzac
Sémillon
Len de l’el and Mauzac
Which South-West appellation produces wines in the widest range of styles?
Bergerac
Irouléguy
Gaillac
Côtes de Gascogne
Gaillac
In Jurançon, the sandy-clay soils are dotted with galets. What are they known as locally?
Pierre
Roulette
Poudingues
Rocher
Poundings
Sweet wines in Pacherenc du Vic-Bilh AOC are made using grapes affected with botrytis?
True
False
False
The grapes undergo passerillage – raisining on the vine – this concentrates the sugars.
Cahors wines must contain at least what percent of the primary grape Côt?
50%
60%
70%
85%
70%
Cahors wines are primarily – often only – made from Côt. Which other grapes can also be in the blend?
Select all that apply:
Cabernet Sauvignon
Negrette
Tannat
Merlot
Fer Servadou
Carmenère
Tannat and Merlot
Braucol and Pinenc are synonyms for which South-West grape variety?
Côt
Carmenère
Tannat
Fer Servadou
Négrette
Fer Servadou
Madiran wines must contain at least 50% Tannat.
True or False
True
The blend can also include Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Fer Servadou.
Which two native South-West grape varieties have found success in New World vineyards?
Cot and Tannat
What is the origin of the term Gascony?
From the Vascones (Basques)
What borders South west France
N=Bordeaux
East=Massif Central
South=Pyrennes
West=Atlantic
What is the most important IGP in South-West France
Côtes de Gascogne IGP, second in production to Pays d’Oc IGP of Languedoc and Roussillon
What was the most planted grape in South-West France before phylloxera?
Cot
Which sub-region of the South-West has Mediterranean climatic influences?
The Garonne, Tarn and Lot sub-region
What is “boulbène”?
Sandy clay soils found in the South-West AOCs of Fronton and Buzet.
What do Monbazillac, Saussignac and Rosette have in common?
They are AOCs in the Dordogne that make sweet or semi-sweet wines based on Sauvignon Blanc,
Sémillon and Muscadelle.
The sale of wines from South-West France was historically curtailed by which rival wine region?
Bordeaux
Which appellation makes red and rosé wines from Négrette?
Fronton
Which appellation of South-West France may use the term SGN?
Monbazillac, if the wine contains R.S over 8.5% (85 g/l)
What is the “méthode gaillacoise”?
A term used in Gaillac to indicate a sparking wine made using the ancestral method.
Bergerac AOC may produce sweet wines. True or False?
FALSE.
Only dry white, red and rosè are authorized in this AOC.
Which South-West sub-region is affected by foehn winds?
Pyrennes
What is “passerillage”?
The act of twisting the stalks of grape bunches in order to stop the flow of sap; this dessicates the grapes on the vine.
Monbazillac is the largest dessert wine appellation by size and volume in France.
True or False?
True
What are the two styles of sweet wines made in Gaillac?
Vendanges Tardives
and Doux
Madiran lies on the left bank of the Tarn river. True or False?
FALSE.
Madiran lies on the left bank of the Ardour River.
South-West France claims to have how many indiginous grape varieties?
120
What are the three styles of sparkling wines made in Gaillac AOC?
Gaillac Méthode Ancestrale, traditional method and Blanc Sec Perlé
Len de L’El is a white grape. True or False?
True
Cabernet Franc may be used as a blending grape in Cahors AOC. True or False?
FALSE.
Only Merlot and Tannat can be blended with Côt in Cahors.
What is the local Jurançon name for galets (stones)?
Poudingues
What are the two primary red grapes of Irouléguy?
Tannat and Cabernet Franc
What are the two most important grapes of Jurançon?
Petit and Gros Manseng
Irouléguy is the southernmost AOC in South-West France? True or False?
True
Gaillac Primeur wines are made using what vinification technique
Semi-carbonic maceration
What does “moelleux” refer to?
Semi-sweet wines made from late-harvest grapes with or without botrytis.
What does “liquoreux” refer to?
Sweet wines made from botrytized grapes.
What is “micro-oxygenation”?
A technique developed by Patrick Ducourau in Madiran to tame tannins. Minute amounts of oxygen are bubbled through must or wine.
Who invesnted micro-oxygenation
Patrick Ducoureau
