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French Wine Scholar 2023 > Beaujolais > Flashcards

Beaujolais Flashcards

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1
Q

Which are the two inter-professional organisations that promote Beaujolais

A

1 Bureau Interprofessional des Vins de Bourgogne (BIVB)
2 Inter- Beaujolais

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2
Q

What rule will change in 2035

A

Burgundy Aligote will no longer accept grapes from Beaujolais

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3
Q

Which winemaking technique is Beaujolais known for

A

Carbonic Maceration

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4
Q

Who was Jules Chauvet?

A

1950s
4th generation Beaujolais native
Research chemist
Experimented to find more flavours=> carbonic maceration
INAO tasting glass
Taster
Father of natural wine movement
= winemaking without added sulphur

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of Beaujolais Nouveau

A

First commercialised in 1951
Peak of popularity in 1999
vin primeur
Released third Thursday of every month (Thanksgiving weekend)
It’s made using the process of ‘carbonic maceration’ and bottled a mere 6 – 8 weeks after harvest. This method produces a wine that is very low in tannin with high acidity. Look for lush, juicy aromas of grape, light raspberry, cranberry, candied fruits (bon-bon), fig, banana, and even bubblegum

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6
Q

Beaujolais Nouveau OCW

A

In the 1970s and 1980s the region became too dependent on selling embryonic primeur wine, so-called Beaujolais Nouveau. When demand for Beaujolais Nouveau reached its peak, in 1992, nearly half of all Beaujolais AC was sold in this youthful state, for immediate consumption and, from the point of view of the producer, as an immediate generator of cash flow. But producers paid the price of much-reduced demand for their wine in the late 1990s and early 2000s when they had to resort to compulsory distillation.

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7
Q

Carbonic Maceration OCW

A

Red winemaking process which transforms a small amount of sugar in grapes which are uncrushed to ethanol, without the intervention of yeasts. It is used typically to produce light-bodied, brightly coloured, fruity red wines for early consumption, most famously but by no means exclusively in the Beaujolais region of France.
Carbonic maceration is not normally used with white grapes, as undesirable flavours are formed. When used to make red wines, whole bunches of grapes are deliberately placed, with care to ensure that the berries are not broken, in an anaerobic atmosphere, generally obtained by using carbon dioxide to exclude oxygen. An intracellular fermentation takes place within the intact berry and a small amount of ethanol is formed, along with traces of many flavourful aromatic compounds. All of these contribute to the distinctive aroma and flavour of the resultant wines. The maceration period in this anaerobic environment and phase, where these aromatic compounds are produced, depends on temperature, and can be from one to three weeks.

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8
Q

Which is the famous red grape of Beaujolais

A

Gamay
Collection of 1,000 variant clones

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9
Q

Which are the 5 stages of viticultural history of Beaujolais

A

1 Romans=grapes, Broullius
2 Middle Ages=Benedictine monks
3 18c=Expansion of Lyon, taxed on wines from outside region
4 19c = Railways and exports to Paris
5 1950’s=Beaujolais Nouveau

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10
Q

Location of Beaujolais

A

North=Maconnias
South=Lyon
West=Monts de Beaujolais
East=Saone river
55km x 11km

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11
Q

General climate of Beaujolais

A

4 seasons
Summers warm and dry
Winters cold
Rainfall average 740mm

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12
Q

Which 2 French cities were instrumental in launching Beaujolais’ popularity

A

Lyon and Paris

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13
Q

What are the three main climatic influences of Beaujolais

A

1 Monts de Beaujolais which shelter vines from cold winds and rain (shadow)
2 Rivers to East regulate temperature extremes
3 Proximity to Med creates extra warmth

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14
Q

What are the weather hazards in Beaujolais

A

1 Spring frost
2 Autumn rain
3 Grey rot in cool/humid conditions

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15
Q

What are the major soil types of Beaujolais and where are they located?

A

North Beaujolias=Granite (and schist)
plus sandy soils arene/gorrhe
South Beaujolais=Pierres Dorees (Golden Stones of limestone and iron-oxide)

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16
Q

Where are the best vineyard sites located

A

Steep granite outcrops of Monts du Beaujolais in NW

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17
Q

What altitude are the vineyards

A

200-300m

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18
Q

Are the vineyards located on the banks of the Saone?

A

No, this area is too fertile for the grapes

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19
Q

Where is the UNESCO global geopark

A

Beaujolais region for rich and complex geology.
It is renowned worldwide for its wines and the territory benefits from an exceptional geological diversity that has been shaped over nearly 500 million years. (….) Mont Brouilly is one of the most emblematic sites of the Beaujolais UNESCO Global Geopark. Rising in the heart of the wine-growing coast, Mont Brouilly is witness to the long and tumultuous geological history of Beaujolais. This geosite offers spectacular panoramas and a sustainable layout to discover its geology, history and legends, the vineyards and forests of Beaujolais

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20
Q

What are the primary red grapes of Beaujolais?

A

Gamay Noir
98% plantings
Prefers granite
Many old vines

Also Pinot Noir

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21
Q

Describe Gamay (OCW)

A

Gamay Noir, ancient Burgundian red grape variety solely responsible for the distinctive, evolving and unfairly unfashionable wines of beaujolais. Galet cites 30 different Gamays, many quite unrelated to the Beaujolais archetype, many of them particular clonal selections of it, and many more of them red-fleshed teinturiers once widely used to add colour to vapid blends. Red-fleshed versions can still be found, particularly in Mâconnais and Touraine, and France grew almost 200 ha/500 acres of Gamay Teinturier de Bouze in 2011. The ‘real’ Gamay is officially known as Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc to draw attention to its noble pale flesh, and is a natural offspring of Pinot and Gouais Blanc (see pinot).

The introduction of Gamay to the vineyards of the côte d’or in the late 14th century was viewed as scandalous by those whose livelihood did not personally depend on rearing productive vines, and great efforts were made to retain pinot noir at the expense of the less noble newcomer.

The vine is a precocious one, budding, flowering, and ripening early, which makes it prone to spring frosts but means that it can flourish in regions as cool as much of the Loire. It can easily produce too generously and the traditional gobelet method of training is designed to match this aptitude to the granitic soils of the better Beaujolais vineyards.

Although today an increasing proportion of Beaujolais, particularly from the crus, is vinified like red burgundy with full barrel maturation and is expected to age for several years in bottle, Gamay juice for long tended to be vinified in a hurry, not least because of strong market pressure in the 1970s and 1980s for Beaujolais nouveau. As a wine, Gamay tends to be paler and bluer than most other reds, with relatively high acidity and a simple but vivacious aroma of freshly picked red fruits, often overlaid by the less subtle smells associated with rapid, anaerated fermentation such as bananas, boiled sweets, and acetone in the Nouveau era. In Mâconnais and Switzerland, it is often blended with Pinot Noir, endowing the nobler grape with some precocity, but often blurring the very distinct attributes of each.

Gamay and Beaujolais are entirely interdependent. Few wine regions are so determinedly monocépagiste as Beaujolais; in 2011 all but 400 ha of the Rhône département’s nearly 17,548 ha/43,343 acres of vines were Gamay Noir. Vinification techniques vary but most common is a local variant on carbonic maceration.

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22
Q

What are the primary white grapes in Beaujolais

A

Just Chardonnay
(only 2% plantings)
Increasing with Cremant de Bourgogne

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23
Q

What are the primary grapes for rose wine in Beaujolais

A

Mainly Gamay but could have upto 15% secondary grapes in a field blend incl Pinot Gris

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24
Q

Which are Beaujolais’ dominant pruning and VTS

A

Gobelet for Beaujolais Cru and Villages
(dominant and previously mandatory)

Cordon (I or II), Evenetail (spur) = authorised

Guyot only permitted for Red and White Beaujolais and white Villages

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25
Q

Is harvest mechanised in Beaujolais?

A

Not often because of hilly terrain and disallowed for Beaujolais Nouveau

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26
Q

What is Terra Vitis

A

Vine growing certification with exacting standards
Initiated in Beaujolais
More than 700 growers

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27
Q

Which are the 2 main vinification styles in Gamay

A

1 Semi-carbonic maceration as for Beaujolais Nouveau. May be some aging

2 Burgundy method (destemmed, crushed, yeast fermentation and aging)
Cru AOCs and sometimes Villages

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28
Q

Which (non-red) styles are becoming more popular

A

Dry White (trad vinification)

Crémant de Bourgogne - uses Chardonnay grapes from Beaujolais and Pinot Noir, Gamay

Rose - including Beaujolais Nouveau rosé

Sparkling sweet rose - not AOC sanctioned in Beaujolais

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29
Q

Describe a typical Beaujolais Nouveau

A

A light red wine made with Gamay Noir grapes.

Fruit flavors: Raspberry, Tart Cherry, Cranberry
Other flavors: Mushroom, Forest Floor, Smoke, Violet, Baker’s Yeast, Banana, Bubblegum
Acidity: High
Tannin: Low
Alcohol: 10-13% ABV
Serving Temp: Slightly chilled at 54-58 °F (12-14 °C)

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30
Q

What is the role of the Nizerland River

A

Divides Beaujolais into two sections - North and South, with different soils on each side.

Mostly granite and schist (decomposed rock) to the North and clay-based soils (marl) to the South.

All of the Beaujolais Cru vineyards and Beaujolais Villages are located on the Northern side of Nizerland

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31
Q

Which is most Northerly - Beaujolais AOC or Beaujolais Villages AOC

A

Beaujolais Villages AOC

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32
Q

What are the primary grapes and wine style of Beaujolais AOC

A

Dry red from Gamay

Up to 15% can be Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Aligote Pinot Gris or Melon but normally has none

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33
Q

What is red Beaujolais Superieur

A

Higher alcohol and lower yields

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34
Q

Describe a Beaujolais AOC

A

Red=Fresh, over-grapey, light pigment, tannins and bright acidity

White=unoaked Chardonnay

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35
Q

What fraction of Beaujolais Nouveau is from Beaujolais AOC?

A

2/3rds

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36
Q

Beaujolais Nouveau follows the same blending formulas, yields and min alcohol as the AOC they are from. True or False

A

True

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37
Q

What are the primary grapes and wine style of Beaujolais Villages AOC

A

As Beaujolais AOC
Dry red from Gamay
Up to 15% can be Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Aligote Pinot Gris or Melon but normally has none

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38
Q

How does Beaujolais Villages AOC red differ from Beaujolais AOC?

A

Better sites because of soils

=>More densely pigmented
Less grapiness
Deeper berry fruit
Core of minerality

= from the granite

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39
Q

How many villages in Beaujolais Villages AOC

A

38

…of potential 96

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40
Q

What distinguishes a Beaujolais Cru from Beaujolais/Villages?

A

More structured fruit
More old vines
Longer skin contact in aging
Traditional yeast fermentation
Always hand harvested

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41
Q

What % of Beaujolais production is represented by the Crus

A

40%

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42
Q

What a lieux-dits

A

Specific vineyard parcels in the crus with a reputation for high quality wines

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43
Q

What is a well-known lieux-dit

A

Cote du Py in Morgon AOC
Wants to be a climat

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44
Q

Name the 10 Crus (North to South)

A

Saint Amour
Julienas

Chenas
Moulin a Vent
Fleurie

Chiroubles
Morgon
Regnie

Cote de Brouilly
Brouilly

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45
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Saint Amour AOC?

A

Border of Maconnais
Promoted around St Valentines
Soft

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46
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Julienas AOC?

A

Diverse soils
Medium bodied

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47
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Chenas AOC?

A

One of earliest
Smallest cru
Oak tree
Need aging
Bouquet of flowers in a velvet basket
Full bodied

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48
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Moulin a Vent AOC?

A

One of earliest
Windmill
King of Beaujolais
Most full bodied
Pinoter wines

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49
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Fleurie AOC?

A

One of earliest
Floral
Queen of Beaujolais
Sweet spice
Soft

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50
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Chiroubles AOC?

A

One of the earliest
Benchmark Beaujolais
Steep and cool
Highest
Soft and light style

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51
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Morgon AOC?

A

One of the earliest
second largest cru
Ripe cherry fruit

Schist and Roches Pourries (pitted rocks)
Cote du Py
Age to Morgonner style

Full body

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52
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Regnie AOC?

A

Newest Cru
Higher % of sandy soil
Aromatic wines
Quick to mature
med body

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53
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Cote de Brouilly AOC?

A

Slopes of Mount Brouilly (UNESCO)
Volcanic element to soil= pepper
Med body

54
Q

What are the primary points to remember about Brouilly AOC?

A

Named after Mt Brouilly
Southernmost
Largest
Some volvanic elelment in soil
Med body

55
Q

St Amour AOC OCW

A

St-Amour — the most northerly of the beaujolais crus and an area with some limestone in which a considerable amount of white Beaujolais Blanc (and st-véran) is made. A steady 320 ha/790 acres of Gamay vines are planted for the production of relatively light but true red Beaujolais. The cru was added several years after most others. One theory is that its name, which indubitably adds to its appeal, comes from a Roman soldier who celebrated a narrow escape from death in Switzerland by converting to Christianity and establishing a mission. He was later canonized as St-Amour. There are other, earthier theories, as one would expect of Beaujolais, perhaps the earthiest of all wine regions.

56
Q

Moulin a Vent AOC OCW

A

. The area includes delimited vineyards within Chénas and Romanèche-Thorins. Of all the wine produced in the Beaujolais region, Moulin-à-Vent, or at least the wines grown on the slopes closest to the windmill itself, is expected to last the longest, taste most concentrated, and therefore, in a way, to be the least typical. With time, the wines begin to taste more like old Pinot Noir than Gamay, and some 50-year-old Moulin-à-Vent can be quite a satisfying drink, even if an atypical Beaujolais. It has also generally been the most expensive.

57
Q

Fleurie AOC OCW

A

Fleurie, one of the ten beaujolais crus, and surely the appellation with the prettiest name in France, comprised 822 ha/2,030 acres of vines in 2012. It has a particularly efficacious co-operative, and produces wines which, it is easy to believe, have a particularly floral perfume. Partly because of its name perhaps, Fleurie is one of the most expensive Beaujolais. Soils vary from sandy in the south west where the lightest wines are grown, to clay towards moulin-à-vent in the west where wines can be quite meaty and full bodied.

58
Q

Morgon AOC OCW

A

important beaujolais cru which encompasses about 1,100 ha/2,717 acres of vines around the commune of Villié-Morgon. The wines produced are considered notably denser and longer lived than most Cru Beaujolais and the appellation has even been used as a verb, as in describing the process by which a young Beaujolais becomes more like a Pinot Noir-dominated red burgundy with time in bottle: il morgonne. Soils here are more weathered and the total ripeness is likely to be greater than in most crus, although some consider that only the wines made on the ex-volcanic cone known as Côte de Py just south of Villié-Morgon have the real depth traditionally associated with Morgon.

59
Q

How much planting is of Gamay

A

98%

60
Q

Which type of soil does Gamay prefer

A

Granite - but is adaptable

61
Q

Which is the supplementary red grape of Beaujolais

A

Pinot Noir

62
Q

Which is the primary white grape and how much planting is devoted to it

A

Chardonnay =2%

63
Q

Which are the 3 minor white/grey grapes of Beaujolais

A

Aligote, Melon and Pinot Gris

64
Q

The finest wines of Beaujolais are produced in the northern part of the region. What is the dominant soil type there?

Clayey Limestone

Chalk

Granite

Gravel

A

Granite

65
Q

What is the overall climate of Beaujolais?


Continental

Semi-continental

Mediterranean

Maritime

A

Semi-continental

66
Q

Which names in Beaujolias are reminders of the Romans

A

Julianas, Fleurie and Brouilly

67
Q

How many Gamay clones in Chateau d’Eclair

A

1000

68
Q

How many different soil variations in Beaujolais

A

300 according to survey of 2009

69
Q

Which of these cities were especially important in boosting the popularity of Beaujolais? Select all that apply.

Dijon

Lyon

Berlin

Paris

New York

A

Paris and Lyon

70
Q

What is the official release date for Beaujolais Nouveau?

November 15th

The fourth Thursday in November

The third Thursday in November

November 5th

A

Third Thursday in November

71
Q

Describe the soils in the south of Beaujolais

A

Clay and Limestone
Pierres Dorees

72
Q

Describe the soils of the North of Beaujolais

A

Granite and Schist with sandy topsoil

Arene and Gorrhe

73
Q

What are the 4 vine training mthods of Beaujolais

A

Gobelot (spur)
Cordon (spur)
Eventail (spur)
Guyot (cane)

Guyot only authorised for Beaujolias AOC and white Beaujolais Villages

74
Q

When can you not use machine harvesting

A

Beaujolais Nouveau
(because you need whole bunches)

Crus
(High quality wines would normally hand harvest)

75
Q

What methods are used for rose production in Beaujolais

A

Direct press and saignee

76
Q

Which markets are important for Rose Beaujolais

A

Japan, France, UK

77
Q

Describe a Sparkling red from Beaujolais

A

Gamay
Sweet
Methode Ancestrale
No AOC => Vin de France

78
Q

What is the sustainable vine-growing certification created in Beaujolais in 1998

A

Terra Vitis
Beaujolais grape growers
Now 700 members in France

79
Q

Which river divides northern Beaujolais from southern Beaujolais?

Saône

Loire

Azergues

Nizerand

A

Nizerand

80
Q

The majority of wines dry white Beaujolais and Beaujolais Villages wines are aged in oak.

True or False?

A

False

81
Q

How many villages are covered in Bourgogne AOC

A

96

82
Q

What % of production is Beaujolais AOC

A

60%

83
Q

What can be appeneded to the Beaujolais AOC name

A

Village (30 of these villages)
Superieur (more alcohol and lower yields)

84
Q

How many villages are included in the Beaujolais Village AOC

A

38

85
Q

How much production is from the Beaujolais Crus

A

40%

86
Q

What grape is Beaujolais Blanc made from

A

100% Chardonnay

87
Q

What % of production is Nouveau

A

20% 0r 22 million bottles

88
Q

Which Cru has rotted rocks

A

Morgon
Roches Pourries

89
Q

Where is Cote du Py

A

Morgon
Famous lieu-dit

90
Q

What gives Cote de Brouilly wines a spicy peppery quality

A

Volcanic diorite

91
Q

Which is the largest of the crus by size and by production and the smallest by size

A

Broilly (by size and production)

closely follwed by Morgon, Fleurie and Moulin-a-Vent

Chenas is the smallest

92
Q

What is the small AOC south of Beaujolais where whites are mostly Chardonnay and red/roses are mostly Gamay

A

Coteaux du Lyonnais

93
Q

How many Beaujolais Crus are there?

8

10

12

15

A

10

94
Q

Which Beaujolais Cru has the highest elevation and the coolest conditions?

Juliénas

Côte de Brouilly

Chiroubles

Régnié

A

Chiroubles

95
Q

If semi-carbonic maceration gives the wines those vivid Beaujolais aromas –
why is the time in vat for Beaujolais Nouveau so short?

A

Beaujolais Nouveau spends very little time in tank in order to retain those fresh bright, bold aromas.

Keeping the grapes in tank for longer will result in richer and more tannic wine. That wine cannot be released and drunk young.

96
Q

What is another name for an enzymatic intra-berry fermentation initiated by carbon dioxide pressure

A

Semi-carbonic maceration

97
Q

Semi-carbonic maceration blends the free-run juice with pressed juice. Which has undergone carbonic maceration?

A

Pressed juice

98
Q

Where are the grapes for Beaujolais AOC mostly grown?

Southern Beaujolais

Northern Beaujolais

A

Southeren Beaujolais

99
Q

Which mountains protect northern Beaujolais from cold west winds?

Monts du Beaujolais

Western Alps

Vosges

Jura Mountains

A

Monts du Beaujolais

100
Q

How many AOCs are there in Beaujolais?


10

12

14

22

A

12

101
Q

Which river flows southwards along the eastern edge of Beaujolais?

Loire

Saône

Rhône

Serein

A

Saone

102
Q

The Gamay grape is especially susceptible to Black Rot.


True or False?

A

False - Gamay is susceptible to Grey Rot

103
Q

What is the principal soil type of southern Beaujolais?

Granite

Schist

Clay and Limestone

Sandstone

A

Clay and Limestone

104
Q

Which statement is incorrect about Beaujolais Nouveau and Beaujolais Villages Nouveau?

Grapes must be hand harvested.

Wine is made by semi-carbonic maceration.

Wines may be white, rosé or red.

Wines may be also labeled “primeur”.

A

Beaujolais Nouveau and Beaujolais Villages Nouveau can only be red or rosé wines.

105
Q

Which training methods can be used for the Beaujolais Cru AOCs? Select all that apply.

Scott Henry

Chablis

Cordon

Gobelet

Guyot

Éventail

Trellis

A

Cordon, Gobelet, Eventail

Guyot used for Beaujolais AOC

106
Q

Which AOC is used for white and rosé sparkling wines produced in Beaujolais by the Traditional Method?

Crémant de Beaujolais

Beaujolais Mousseux

Crémant de Bourgogne

Vin de France

Pétillant Naturel

Vin Mousseux

A

Cremant de Bourgogne

107
Q

The crus of Beaujolais are AOCs for red wines only.

True or False?

A

True
White wines – made from 100% Chardonnay – can only be labelled Beaujolais Blanc AOC and Beaujolais Villages AOC

108
Q

Which cru are the King and Queen of Beaujolais

A

Moulin-a-Vent (King)
Fleurie (Queen)

109
Q

Which three crus are as regarded as having the greatest aging potential?

A

Chenas, Moulin-a-Vent, Morgon

110
Q

In which Beaujolais Cru would you find the Lieu-Dit of Côte de Py?

Fleurie

Côte de Brouilly

Morgon

Chénas

Juliénas

Moulin-à-Vent

A

Morgon

111
Q

The best cru slopes generally enjoy which aspect?
East

South East

South

South West

A

South-East

112
Q

Which pruning system is only permitted to be used for red and white Beaujolais AOC and white Beaujolais Villages AOC wines?


Gobelet

Cordon

Éventail

Guyot

A

Guyot
leaves a higher number of fruiting buds and generate higher yields – so it not allowed for the more concentrated and prestigious red wines of Beaujolais Villages and the crus.

113
Q

In which year will Aligoté grapes grown in Beaujolais no longer be accepted for Bourgogne Aligoté wines?

2025

2030

2035

2040

A

2035

114
Q

Which appellation is used for red and rosé sparkling Gamay wines produced in Beaujolais by the méthode ancestrale?

A

Vin de France

115
Q

How many villages are entitled to produce Beaujolais Villages AOC wines?

28

38

48

58

A

38

116
Q

Beaujolais is to the North of which French city

A

Lyon

117
Q

What is the official Beaujolais Nouveau release date each year?

A

Third thursday in November

118
Q

In Beaujolais, what are weathered feldspars, micas, quartz and other minerals known as?

A

Arene and Gorrhe

119
Q

What is the primary white grape of Beaujolais?

A

Chardonnay

120
Q

What is the primary red grape of Beaujolais

A

Gamay

121
Q

Which French term is synonymous with Nouveau

A

Primeur

122
Q

Which Bourgogne sub-region is directly north of Beaujolais?

A

Maconnais

123
Q

Which river separates northern and southern Beaujolais?

A

Nizerand

124
Q

Why is the Guyot training method not permitted for the Beaujolais Crus?

A

Yields too high

125
Q

Which important figure first championed the use of carbonic maceration?

A

Jules Chauvet

126
Q

Grapes destined for Beaujolais Cru wines must be hand harvested.

True or False?

A

True

127
Q

What are the Pierres Dorées?

A

Golden stone of Southern Beaujolais

128
Q

White Beaujolais typically spends 12 months in oak.

True or False?

A

False

129
Q

Which Cru produces the most full-bodied and tannic wines?

A

Moulin-a-Vent

130
Q

Which Cru has the highest elevation and coolest climate?

A

Chiroubles

131
Q

Which compound gives the Pierres Dorées their distinctive color?

A

Iron-oxide

132
Q

What are the parents of Gamay

A

Pinot and Gouais Blanc

French Wine Scholar 2023 (23 decks)

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