Fundamentals Flashcards
1
Q
Botrytis Cinerea is also known as
A
Noble Rot or Pourriture Nobie
2
Q
What are the 3 levels of the French wine quality pyramid
A
AOC
IGP
Wine de France (vins sans IG)
3
Q
What are basal buds
A
Buds closest to the main stem/trunk
4
Q
What is the difference between conventional and sustainable farming practices
A
Less use of Agro-chemicals
5
Q
True or False - Grapes are described as early-to-late ripeners relative to the harvest date of Chasselas
A
True
6
Q
Above what temperature would a vine stop photosynthesis
A
35c
7
Q
Below what temperature would a vine stop photosynthesis
A
10c
8
Q
True of False- Phylloxera is indigenous to Europe
A
False - North America
9
Q
Powderly Mildew is also known by what name
A
Oidium
10
Q
Downy Mildew is also known by what name
A
Perenospera
11
Q
A Pet-Nat is made via what production method
A
Ancestrale
12
Q
What sparkling wine production method involves just one fermentation
A
Ancestrale
13
Q
Define oxidative winemaking
A
Oxygen deliberately allowed during wine-making process
14
Q
Define reductive winemaking
A
Oxygen deliberately minimised during wine-making process
15
Q
Define passerillage
A
Twisting stems to prevent sap rising - grapes shrivel and raisin
16
Q
What is a synonym for Melon de Bourgogne
A
Muscadet
17
Q
Define monopole
A
Estate with a single owner
18
Q
Name the 3 most commonly grown grapes in north eastern France during the middle ages
A
Pinot, Savgnin and Gouais Blanc
19
Q
The word ‘meunier’ translates as ….
A
Miller
The underside of leaves seem dusted with flour.
20
Q
Malbec is a natural cross of which 2 grapes
A
Prunelard x Magdeleine Noire des Charentes
21
Q
What does VDN stand for
A
Vin Doux Naturel
22
Q
Name the process by which natural grape spirit is added to a fermenting must
A
Mutage
23
Q
Which French City was home to the coronation of French Kings
A
Reims
24
Q
Define ‘ban des vendages’
A
Set date for picking
25
What is the longest river in France
Loire
26
What climatic event in 1956 drastically changed viticulture in France
Great Winter Freeze
27
What is the Mistral
Cold strong wind from North East through Rhone and Provence
28
What is the Tramontane
Cold wind from North blowing over Languedoc and Roussilon
29
The Phoceans founded what important city in the South of France
Marseille
30
What was the traditional language of the Languedoc
Occitan
31
Cabernet Sauvignon is a cross of which two grapes
Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Franc
32
Syrah is a cross of which 2 grapes
Mondeuse Blanche and Dureza
33
What three varieites of Muscat grow in France
Muscat a Petit Grains
Muscat Ottenel
Muscat d'Alexandrie
34
Chardonnay is a natural cross of what two grapes
Pinot x Gouais Blanc
35
Define Diurnal
High?/ow parts of a day
36
What river cuts through the vineyards of Champagne as well as the city of Paris
Seine
37
In French, a river that flows into a body of water like a sea or a lake is called what
Fleuve
38
In French, a river that flows into another river is called
Riviere
39
Define the Napoleonic code of Inheritance
All divided equally between children
40
What historically important project first connected Toulouse witht he Mediterranean
Canal du Midi
41
Define Bordeaux mixture
Copper sulphate Formula against fungal diseases
42
What are the 2 govening bodies for biodynamic farming practices
Demeter (Germany)
Biodyvin (France)- only for vineyards
43
Define 'coulure'
Poor set of fruit- caused by cloudy/wet weather at flowering
44
Define 'veraison'
Turning colour and softening
45
Define 'marcottage'
When new vine is created from old one by burying stalk in ground (layering)
46
True of False - Guyot is a form of cane training
True
47
True or False- Cordon is a form of cane training
False - spur training
48
What is the french term for a bush trained vine
Gobelet
49
Define Must
The grape liquid after pressing before fermentation
50
Define 'debourbage'
Juice settling
51
In the 14th Century, the Papacy moved its headquarters from Rome to which French City
Avignon
52
What historical figure first united Gaul under one rule and one religion
Clovis, King of the Franks
53
Define 'transversage'
Process in which 75cl bottles of champagne are used to fill larger/smaller bottles after disgorgement
54
Define 'dosage'
Amount mixture (still wine and sugar) added at end of champagne process to determine sweetness
55
Define 'pupitres'
Traditional A frame structures for champagne riddling process
56
Define 'remuage'
Process where the lees are moved to the neck of a champagne bottle by riddling, prior to removal
57
Define 'prise de mousse'
Seizing of the foam ie second fermentation in traditional method champagne
58
Define 'sur lattes'
Lattes are wooden slats in champagne where bottles rest for their second fermentation
59
Define 'sur lie' aging
Aging with yeast remnants (lees) in direct contact with wine
60
Define 'autolysis'
Decomposition of dead yeast cells
which give toasty flavours
61
Define claret
English term for Bordeaux red wine
62
A wine display at the Exposition Universelle of Paris in 1855 resulted in what famous document
Bordeaux classification of 1855
63
Define 'graben'
Valley formed between from swelling of earth's crust to form mountain where teh crown collapses forming two higher areas (parallel faults) and a graben rift valley
64
As a general rule, grapes are picked how many days after verasion
45
65
Define maceration peliculaire
Maceration on skins in white wine making
66
What production method utilizes an anerobic enviroment to encourage an enzymatic fermentation
Carbonic Maceration
67
What is the name for the process of adding sugar to a must to increase the final abv level
Chaptalisation
68
Define 'stuck' fermentation
Conversion to alcohol stopped before all sugar converted (may be too cold)
69
Define 'lees'
Dead yeast cells
70
Define batonnage
Stirring the lees
71
What is the name for the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid
Malolactic conversion
72
Bentonite, Casein and Gelatin are common agents in what process
Fining
73
What is the name for the bleeding method of rose production
Saignee
74
Why might a winemaker cold stablise their wine
To remove tartric acid before bottling
75
What people introduced formal viticulture to the celtic tribes of Gaul
Phocaens - Greeks from Asia Minor
76
Define 'bonbonnes'
Large glass jars (for maturing VDNs)
77
Define 'remontage'
Pumping over - a cap management technique
78
Define 'vin de goutte'
Free run juice
79
Define 'pigeage'
Punching down the cap - a cap management technique
80
Define 'delestage'
Rack and return - a cap management technique
81
What was the impact of the Phoceans
Greeks
Founded Marseille
Introduced grapevine
82
What was the impact of the Romans
Established more vineyards
Ruled Gaul for 5 centuries
Roads - trade links
Alsace, Champagne, Burgundy, Bdx and Loire plus SW France
83
What was the impact of the Franks
Germanic tribes
Clovis
United France - one King, one Church
New monastries growing wine
Feudalism
84
Why was the marriage of Eleanor of Acquitaine and Henry Plantagenet created the ultimate 'power couple'
Combined holdings of most of France and England
Contained west coast of France incl Bdx = trade routes to UK
Claret
85
What was the significance of 100 years war to Bordeaux
1337-1453
France reclaimed Bordeaux and expelled English
86
How did the 30 years war affect Europe and, in particular, Alsace
1618-1648
Decimated population
Alsace previously German and prosperous now decimated and French
87
How did the wines of Champagne become associated with the Royal Court of France
1670s
Louis Fourteenth at Versaille - he liked gardens and Champagne
88
Who invented Chaptalisation
Jean Antoine Chaptal 1756-1832
- adding sugar to increase alcohol
89
Who discovered yeast
Louis Pasteur from Jura 1822-1895
Linked yeast to fermentation
90
Why did the Napoleonic code create differences betwen Bordeaux and Burgundy
On death - Had to divide assets equally between children
Burgundy - subdivided actual plots=> became v small => negociants
Bordeaux- maintained plot sizes and used paper shares for division
91
What was the far-reaching impact of the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris
Listing of 87 Bordeaux chateau into 'Classification of 1855'
Based on price of grapes in market
92
How did phylloxera change the viticultural landscape of France
Devastated vineyards - reduction in production - emigration - importation from other countries
Replanted with vines grafted onto American rootstock
Eliminated provinage/marcottage
Some wines did not graft easily - eg mourvedre
93
How did WW1 devastate the viticultural landscape of Champagne
Battles in Marne area of Champagne
=> trenches, bunkers and bombs
Also Russian Revolution decreased demand
94
Who were the weinfurers
'Wine leaders' from the 3d Reich
Germans in WW2 who went to Bdx, Burgundy and Champagne to remove wines and resell in Germany
95
What are the order of size of France's administrative divisions
Largest = Regions (13)
Middle= Departments
Smallest = Communes
96
Give an example of a wine region boundary which does not conform to an administrative boundary
Beaujolais is part of departments of Rhone department in the Auvergne-Rhone-Alps Region and also Saone-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche Comte region.
Also Madiran
97
Where is France's rift valley
Starts in Upper Rhine graben
Through Burgunduy to Rhone graben
Continues to Montpelier
98
Where are the two Massifs of France
Massif Central - Central France
Massif Amoricain- NW France
99
Where are the two basins of France
Paris Basin- North East France
Aquitaine Basin- South West France
100
Which wine regions are impacted by Graben
Upper Rhine Graben=Alsace
Saone Graben=Burgundy
101
Which is the most mountainous island in the Mediterranean
Corsica
102
Why is the Massif Central important to the Rhone valley
Borders Rhone valley
Vineyards have backs to the wind
Mistral comes from Massif Central
103
Why are vineyards typically planted on slopes
1 Avoid frost pockets (bottom slope)
2 Cooler at elevation
3 Soils are neither too thin (top) or too deep (bottom)
4 Ample sunshine in Northern latitudes
104
Why is a vineyards ideally positioned at mid-slope
Good air flow
Soils not too deep or shallow
Ample sunshine
Not always such steep gradient
105
What is the ideal orientation for a vineyard
East/South East
Captures early morning sun
Warms quickest
Back to the cold north wind
106
Why are vineyards planted near river systems
Temperature moderating impact - can be 2c warmer
Exception - Seirin rier in Chablis
107
How do you determine if the vineyards beside a river are left or right bank
Face the direction of water flow. Right bank is on right, left on left
Can indicate warmth (eg south facing) or preferred grape variety
108
What are the names of the 5 major rivers of France and their wine regions
Loire- Loire
Seine- Champagne
Garonne-South-West
Rhone-Rhone
Dordogne-Bordeaux
109
How does soil affect the vine
Drainage, water retention - well drained with some steady, moderate reliable water supply; clays less drainage, chalk/limestone= good drainage
Fertility - grapes are better on less fertile soils; better with some stress
Soil colour - white reflects sun- sands and gravel are 'warm', clay is 'cold'
Texture - gravel gives better drainage - coarse gravel in Medoc
Chemical - can impart minerality
110
What is the difference between warm and cold soils
Warm soils such as sand and gravel reflect heat and have more air between particles in pockets which heat rapidly.
Conversly, cold soils, like clay will be more dense and heat up more slowly.
111
Which ocean current affects the climate of Western Europe
Gulf Stream
112
List the three principal climate types found in France
Mediterranean
Continental
Maritime/Oceanic
113
What are the characteristics of a mediterranean climate
Hot dry summers
Cool wet winters
Little seasonal temperature differnce
114
What are the characteristics of a Continental Climate
Warm summers
Cold winters
Large diurnal and annual temperature variations
115
What are the characteristics of a Maritime climate
Narrow daily and annual temperature swings
Temperate summers
Cool winters
Rain, cloud and storms
116
What are the temperature parameters of photosnthesis
10-35c (with high winds)
117
How did Europe's mini ice-age lead to sparkling wines
Early on-set of winter stopped a must mid-ferment and the warmth of spring re-started it. Active fermentation releases CO2
Lower than 5c, then yeast enters a dormant state
118
How did the winter freeze of 1956 affect
a) Loire
b) Bordeaux
c) Rhone
a) Many vines died
b) 25% of vineyards killed, dead white cultivars replaced with red, Malbec by Merlot
c) -15c, Vineyards destroyed, Mistral also, most olive and fruit trees perished but vines survived so farmers w=switched to viticulture
119
Name the main winds of France and where they blow from
Westerlies - from West over much of France
North
Mistral - from Atlantic to Med
Tramontane - from North through Languedoc Roussillon
Cers - from North through Languedoc Roussillon
East
Levant - from east over Languedoc Roussillon
Sirrocco - from South/East over Languedoc
Pyrannean
Vent d'Espagne - from Spain over Roussillon
Canigounenc - from Spain over Roussillon
120
How is global warming affecting French vineyards
Warming - too early harvest/budbreak
Drought
Damaging weather patterns - rain/hail
Frost
Heat waves
121
What is the effect of botrytis cinerea on a grape
Fungus penetrates grape skin
Dessicates berry
Concentrates flavours
122
What are the synonyms of botrytis cinerea
Noble Rot
Pourriture Noble
123
Why do 'good vintages' often come in pairs
Buds on current year's shoots develop following year's crop
2000/1, 2005/6. 2009/10, 2015/6
124
What are the 2 main pruning systems found in France
Spur
1 Gobelet (no trellis support - small bush)
2 Cordon (single arm along trellis -with 4 spurs). Can have double cordon
3 Eventail
4 Chablis - Fan with rachet, lancement and charpente - Champagne for chardonnay
Cane
1 Guyot - one fruiting cane and one spur for following year) on trellis
2 Vallee de Marne (two canes in same direction - Champagne Pinot Meunier)
125
What is the difference between lutte raisonee and biodynamic
Lutte raisonee= sustainable viticulture - biological controls, organic fertilisers
Biodynamic = Rudloph Steiner principles, treatments according to lifecycle of plant and cosmic rhythms
126
How does a winemaker ferment for flavour using yeast
Yeasts have different flavour precursors- different strains can maximise or minimise certain aromatics
Eg Brettanomyces yeasts can give clove aromatics or mouse droppings
Wild yeasts can add textures mouthfeel
127
What are the 14 steps of Methode Champenoise
1 Grapes picked and pressed lightly
2 Settling - debourbage
3. First alcoholic fermentation to base wine (vin clair)
4 Malolactic conversion
5 Wine blended- assemblage
6. Bottled with the additional sugar and yeast Tirage
7. Second fementation in bottle- Prise de Mousse
8. Elevage sur lattes - resting on lees
9. Riddling or remuage in pupitres or gyroplattes
10. Disgorging yeasts via frozen plug
11. Transverage (optional) inot differnt size bottles
12. Dosage for sweetness (optional) - liquer de dosage
13. Resting
14. Bottle closure - jupone (becomes cheville) cork
128
Rank sweetness levels for sparkling wine from driest to sweetest
Brut Nature
Extra Brut
Brut
Extra Sec
Sec
Demi-sec
Doux
129
Define 'reductive'
No oxygen comes in contact with wine before bottling
130
Define 'oxidative'
Oxidative VDNs are matures without topping up/ temperature control to encourage oxidisation
Can be aged in Bonbonnes
131
What difference would you see between a rose made via the saignee method and the direct press method
Direct Press= more grape aromas
Saignee=Higher colour, fuller in body
132
What is the significance of vatting time in Carbonic Maceration
Grapes for Beaujolais Nouvea spend 2-3 days in tank
Beajolais crus spend 8-15 days in tank
Longer vatting time => more colour, body, tannins and flavours
133
What is the significance of a placename on a French wine label
Area of origin with strictly regulated production methods
134
Why did the French opt to codify 'origin' and 'production standards' into law
Place names pirated and misrepresented
Wines from Spain, Algeria and other areas routinely used in blends
Consumer confusion
Codifying in law => authenticity of product
135
Name two people responsible for the development of France's AOCs
Baron Pierre le Roy de Boiseaumarie of Cahteauneuf-du-Pape
Joseph Capus (1867-1947)
136
Define Cahier des charges
Set of regulations that delineates production zone, viticultural practices and production standards
137
Which were the major French Dukedoms
Anjou, Aquitaine, Normandy, Burgundy
138
Which were the major French Counts and what was their legacy in winemaking
Flanders, Blois, Toulouse
Sharecropping
139
Which tribe were given Normandy
Norsemen
140
What is the role of mountains in an area's climate
Sun traps and wind blocks
141
Which were the notable cold periods of France
Great Winter 1709 = Freezing for 3+ months
Great Freeze of 1956= Bdx replanted with Merlot and S,France lost fruit and olives to vine
142
What is the name of the Bordeaux estuary
Gironde
Garonne, Ciron and Dordogne feed in
143
Which is the highest point in France
Mont Blanc
144
Which is the largest wine region in France
Languedoc Roussillon
145
How many administrative regions in France
13
146
What are the 6 steps in the tank method for sparkling wine
1. Pressing
2 First alcoholic fermentation in tank
3. Addition of sugar and yeast
4 Second alcoholic fermentation in pressurized tank
5. Filtration under pressure
6. Bottling, dosage and corking under pressure
