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hematology > fungi > Flashcards

fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the recognition of bacterial and fungal cell wall components by the innate immune system? A: Bacterial and fungal components are each recognized by different Toll-like receptors. B: Bacterial but not fungal components are recognized by Toll-like receptors. C: Bacterial and fungal components are recognized by common Toll-like receptors. D: Neither bacterial nor fungal components are recognized by Toll-like receptors.

A

The same Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on phagocytes and dendritic cells recognize bacterial and fungal cell wall components. Recognition triggers IL-12 production and leads to a TH1 response in the adaptive immune system

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2
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the dimorphic fungi? A. Form hyphae at 37°C and yeast at 25°C B. Form conidia at 37°C and hyphae at 25°C C. Form yeast at 37°C and conidia at 25°C D. Form yeast at 37°C and hyphae at 25°C

A

D. Key point: Dimorphic fungi exist as mold forms in the soil at temps lower than 37C. Spores or condia are formed from the hyphae and are inhaled. Within the lungs and at higher temperatures for in vitro cultures, the spores differentiate into yeasts.

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3
Q
  1. Match the following antifungal agents with their target. A: Polyenes (e.g. amphotericin B) B: Pyrimidine analogues (e.g. flucytosine) C: Echinocandins (e.g. caspofungin) D: Azoles (e.g. fluconazole) beta-glucan synthesis DNA & protein synthesis Ergosterol synthesis Ergosterol in cell membrane
A

A: Polyenes target ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane B: Pyrimidine analogues target fungal DNA and protein synthesis C: Echinocandins target b-glucan synthesis D: Azoles target ergosterol synthesis

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4
Q
A

Cryptococcus yeast

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5
Q
A

Aspergillus conidia

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6
Q
A

Histoplasma conidia

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7
Q

. For each of the following, indicate whether the organism is an opportunistic or endemic fungus.

A: Coccicioides immitis ____________________________________

B: Candida albicans ____________________________________

C: Aspergillus fumigatus ____________________________________

D: Histoplasma capsulatum

A

a. endemic
b. opp
c. opp
d. endemic

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8
Q
A

Candida albicans germ tube

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9
Q
A

Aspergillus (could also be Fusarium) septate hyphae

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10
Q
A

Fusarium banana-shaped conidia

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11
Q
  1. Match the following geographic regions with the endemic fungal genus:

A. Southwestern US & Latin America

B. Ohio & Mississippi River valleys **

C. Latin America esp. Brazil

D. Central & Southeastern US

  • Paracoccidioides*
  • Histoplasma*
  • Blastomyces*
  • Coccidioides*
A

A. Coccidioides is found in the Southwestern US & Latin America

B. Histoplasma is found in the Ohio & Mississippi River valleys

C. Paracoccidioides is found in Latin America esp. Brazil

D. Blastomyces is found in the Central & Southeastern US

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12
Q

________ is found in the Southwestern US & Latin America

A

Coccidioides

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13
Q

__________ is found in the Ohio & Mississippi River valleys

A

Histoplasma

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14
Q

________ is found in Latin America esp. Brazil

A

Paracoccidioides

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15
Q

____________ is found in the Central & Southeastern US

A

Blastomyces

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16
Q

What are the 4 endemic mycoses?

A
  1. histoplasma
  2. blastomyces
  3. coccidioides
  4. paracoccidioides
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17
Q

_____ and ______ are the most commonly isolated yeast in clinical practice

A

Candida and Cryptococcus

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18
Q

Most common mold is _________ but ______ and _____ are associated with higher mortality.

A

aspergillus; Zygomycetes and fusarium

19
Q

opportunistic infections (5)

A

CCAMP

  1. candida albicans
  2. cryptococcus neoformans
  3. asperigillus
  4. mucor and rhisopus
  5. pneumocystis jiovecli
20
Q

____ bind ergosterol and from pores in the membrane

Examples: amphotericin B and nystatin

A

Polyenes

21
Q

Polyene examples

A

amphotericin B and nystatin

22
Q

_________ inhibit ergosterol synthesis

A

Azoles

23
Q

Azoles examples

A

fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole

24
Q

_______ beta glucan synthesis inhibitors

A

Echinocandins

25
Q

Echinocandins examples

A

caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin

26
Q

________ DNA and protein synthesis inhibitor

A

Pyrimidine analogues

27
Q

Pyrimidine analogues example

A

5-Flucytosine

28
Q

what type of agar plate is used to detect fungal growth because of fungi growing well in the presence of glucose

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

29
Q

risk factors for pneumocystis

A

CD4

30
Q

risk factors for candidiasis

A

surgery

31
Q

risk factor for cryptococcosis

A

poop

32
Q

aspergillosis and mucormycosis risk factors

A

malignancy and chemotherapy

33
Q

HISTOPLASMA diagnostic testing

A

antigen detection- enzyme immunoassay with urine and or serum

34
Q

blastomyces forms ______

A

encapsulated yeast

35
Q
A

candida

36
Q
A

cryptococcus

37
Q
A

aspergillus

38
Q
A

pneumocystis

39
Q
A

mucor and rhizopus

40
Q
A

aspergillus

41
Q

yeasts

A

candida and cryptococcus

42
Q

molds

A

aspergillus, zygomycetes (Mucor and rhizopus) and fusarium

43
Q

dimorphics

A

histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidioides, and paracoccidioides

44
Q

Recognition of TLR triggers _____ production and leads to a _____ response in the adaptive immune system

A

IL-12; TH1

hematology (23 decks)

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