Fungi 2

Question 2

Most well known basidiomycete?

Answer 2

Mushroom

Question 3

WHat does each gill consist of?

Answer 3

Basidia

Question 4

Where are basidiomycete spores formed?

Answer 4

Basidia

Question 5

Step 1 of basidiomycete life cycle?

Answer 5

+ve and -ve hyphae combine

Question 6

What happens following combination of +ve and -ve hyphae in the basidiomycete life cycle?

Answer 6

Basidiocarp is formed

Question 7

What follows the formation of a basidiocarp in the basidiomycete life cycle?

Answer 7

Diploid cells are formed and meiosis occurs

Question 8

What is generated as a result of meiosis in basidiomycete life cycle?

Answer 8

4 genetically distinct spores

Question 9

Difference between ascomycete and basidiomycete life cycle?

Answer 9

Ascomycete produces 8 genetically similar spores, basidiomycete produces 4 genetically different

Question 10

Why are fungi a successful pathogen?

Answer 10

They can proliferate via spores, and can tolerate the human body temperature

Question 11

How are some fungi already present in humans?

Answer 11

Some are in the microbiome

Question 12

How are fungi and bacteria usually prevented from crossing the epithelial barrier/lining of a lumen?

Answer 12

Mucus and cilia wave them along and prevent them from crossing

Question 13

How may fungi and bacteria cross the epithelial barrier/lining of a lumen?

Answer 13

Damage to the epithelial cells–> less or no mucus/cilia

Question 14

What could cause damage to the epithelial layer?

Answer 14

Inflammation, chemicals, physical trauma

Question 15

Fungal cell wall layers?

Answer 15

CSM–> Chitin–> Glucans–> Mannoproteins

Question 16

What are PAMPs?

Answer 16

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Question 17

What are Beta-glucans?

Answer 17

the most abundant polysaccharides in fungal cell walls

Question 18

What is chitin?

Answer 18

a polymer made of N-acetylglucosamine units and is a significant structural component of fungal cell walls.

Question 19

What are Mannans?

Answer 19

Polysaccharides, chains of mannose molecules linked to proteins

Question 20

Identifying structural features on the surface of fungal cells?

Answer 20

Glycans,

Question 21

What does the fungi use to hide its more immunogenic components?

Answer 21

Chitin and mannans–> polysaccharides that mask the organisms

Question 22

How can our own cells detect fungal invaders?

Answer 22

They have receptors on the surface of some of our cells, that detect key features of fungi

Question 23

Which TLR detects phospholipomannas?

Answer 23

TLR2

Question 24

Which TLR detects mannans?

Answer 24

TLR4

Question 25

What are the receptors on the surface of our cells used to detect pathogens called?

Answer 25

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 26

What does dectin receptors recognise?

Answer 26

Glucans

Question 27

Where are NOD like receptors?

Answer 27

In the cytoplasm

Question 28

Role of NOD like receptors?

Answer 28

Can bind to foreign proteins that have entered the host cell, and induce inflammation and the innate immune response

Question 29

Innate response to fungal infection?

Answer 29

PRRs, inflammatory response

Question 30

Complement system response to fungal infection?

Answer 30

Serum proteins (antibodies and opsonins) Enhance phagocytosis, antifungal activity and promotes inflammatory response Minor role against fungi

Question 31

Adaptive defence against fungal infection?

Answer 31

Antigen-specific T and B cells Release distinct activating or inhibitory cytokines Enhance antifungal activity of phagocytes

Question 32

When are fungal infections most severe?

Answer 32

When they enger deeper tissues--> becomes harder to cure