Vaccination

Question 1

Early example of vaccination?

Answer 1

Indian buddhist drank snake venom to protect against snake bites

Question 2

What is variolation?

Answer 2

Deliberate infection w/ smallpox w/ smallpox scabs
Upon recovery the person was then immune to smallpox

Question 3

Smallpox cowpox vaccination?

Answer 3

Edward enner infected a young boy w/ cowpox. It prevented subsequent smallpox infections–> vaccination

Question 4

Benefit of jenners vaccination vs variolation?

Answer 4

Safer and more reliable

Question 5

What do we have none of when first exposed to a new pathogen?

Answer 5

IgG antibodies against the pathogen

Question 6

What happens over the course of the first infection of a pathogen?

Answer 6

We will produce IgG antibodies specifically against the pathogen

Question 7

Why did cowpox work as a vaccine against smallpox?

Answer 7

It has similar antigens on its surface to smallpox

Question 8

Example of successful worldwide mass vaccination programmes in eradicating a pathogen?

Answer 8

Polio

Question 9

Herd immunity principle?

Answer 9

Vaccinated people will eliminate the disease more quickly, and so pass it onto less people–> reduces spread

Question 10

R rate meaning?

Answer 10

of new people that can be infected by the original infected person

Question 11

Why do different diseases have different herd immunity thresholds?

Answer 11

They have different R rates

Question 12

Ways of generating a vaccine?

Answer 12

using an entire pathogen (attenuated or dead), use one antigenic component of a pathogen

Question 13

Examples of some aspects of a pathogen that can be used for vaccines?

Answer 13

LPS, capsule components, intracellular proteins, surface proteins, toxins

Question 14

Examples of live - attenuated vaccines?

Answer 14

MMR

Question 15

Examples of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 15

Hep A, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide

Question 16

Example of recombinant sub-unit vaccines?

Answer 16

Hep B

Question 17

Example of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 17

Tetanus, diptheria

Question 18

Examples of conjugate polysaccharide protein vaccines?

Answer 18

Pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophilus influenzea type b (Hib)

Question 19

Characteristics of an attenuated pathogen for vaccine?

Answer 19

Need to replicate (but not much) and not be very virulent

Question 20

Pros of live-attenuated vaccines?

Answer 20

Cheap, adjuvants not necessary

Question 21

Cons of live-attenuated vaccines?

Answer 21

Potential to cause pathology, instable sometimes

Question 22

How may a live-attenuated vaccine cause pathology?

Answer 22

Some immunocompromised people may be affected

Question 23

Stability of live-attenuated vaccines?

Answer 23

Need to be stored and transported under control conditions as they are live pathogens

Question 24

How are live attenuated vaccines created?

Answer 24

Initial pathogen is cultured and replicated under stress conditions (e.g temp)
Trying to evolve a new pathogen that is adapted to replicate in conditions that arent replicable in a human

Question 25

Creation of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 25

Grown and then killed

Question 26

Pros of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 26

Safer and improved stability

Question 27

Conf o inactivated vaccines?

Answer 27

Can be expensive, hypersensitivity and killing a pathogen makes it less immunogenic

Question 28

What is sometimes needed for inactivated vaccines?

Answer 28

A second immunisation--> "booster shot" to help drive memory b cell response

Question 29

Hypersensitivity in inactivated vaccines influenza example?

Answer 29

Pathogen is grown up in chicken eggs--> some are allergic to the egg

Question 30

How is the pathogen killed in inactivated vaccines?

Answer 30

Formaldehyde, heat etc

Question 31

What is usually added to inactivated vaccines?

Answer 31

Adjuvents