Vaccination II

Question 1

Recombinant subunit vaccines?

Answer 1

Comprised of one antigenic part of the pathogen

Question 2

Recombinant meaning in recombinant sub-unit vaccines?

Answer 2

Other microbes are programmed to produce the desired antigenic component

Question 3

What are usually the antigenic components of a recombinant subunit vaccine?

Answer 3

proteins or surface polysaccharides

Question 4

What is usually chosen for bacteria/virus for a subunit vaccine?

Answer 4

Virus–> protein
Bacteria–> carbohydrate or polysaccharide on the surface

Question 5

Why are carbohydrates or sugars (polysaccharides) not good antigens?

Answer 5

They often differ between different strains of the same pathogen

Question 6

What type of vaccine are DNA vaccines?

Answer 6

Recombinant vaccines

Question 7

What is needed for recombinant subunit vaccines?

Answer 7

The genetic sequence that codes for the protein we want

Question 8

What is done with the DNA sequence for the protein being used in a subunit vaccnie?

Answer 8

Inserted into expression vector–> E. Coli cells

Question 9

How do toxoid vaccines work?

Answer 9

Take a toxin from a pathogen and modify it so it isnt toxic
Toxin is still antigenic

Question 10

What are inactivated toxins?

Answer 10

Toxoids

Question 11

How do conjugate polysaccharide vaccines work?

Answer 11

Antigenic protein is conjugated to the polysaccharide
Protein part stimulates t cell response
Polysaccharide antigen is what is recognised

Question 12

What are polysaccharide vaccines usually made to target?

Answer 12

Bacteria

Question 13

First phase of making a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine?

Answer 13

Surface polysaccharide from the pathogen is grown up and isolated
Carrier protein is grown up separately (E.Coli) and purified

Question 14

Second phase of making a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine?

Answer 14

Chemical removal of toxins on polysaccharide
Carrier protein and polysaccharide are covalently linked–>Chemical crosslinking
conjugate is purified and formulated

Question 15

Monovalent (univariant) vaccine?

Answer 15

Designed to immunize against a single antigen or single pathogen

Question 16

Multivalent vaccine?

Answer 16

Designed to immunize against 2 or more strains of the same microoganism against two or more microoganisms

Question 17

How many serotypes are targeted by Prevnar 13?

Answer 17

13

Question 18

What is an API?

Answer 18

Active pharmaceutical ingredient

Question 19

Role of adjuvents?

Answer 19

To stimulate an enhanced immune response

Question 20

Why are antibiotics sometimes added to vaccines?

Answer 20

So when the vaccines are in storage they done grow bacteria

Question 21

Role of preservatives and stabilisers?

Answer 21

Preserve chemical degradation, and keep the vaccine stable

Question 22

What do adjuvants increase about a vaccine?

Answer 22

Level of protection and length of protection
Higher titre of IgG antibodies, and the b cells producing these persist for longer

Question 23

Antigen sparing by adjuvents?

Answer 23

Induce protective antibody responses w/ less antigen-> can make the vaccines cheaper

Question 24

What are adjuvants usually?

Answer 24

Aluminium salts

Question 25

Alum formula?

Answer 25

AlK(SO4)2 Aluminium Potassium sulphate

Question 26

Why are aluminium based adjuvants used?

Answer 26

uniformly distributes microgram quantities of antigen onto milligram quantities of adjuvant

Question 27

Theories as to how adjuvents work?

Answer 27

Slow antigen release (maintain antibody levels) Inflammatory response (stimulates dendritic cell maturation, )