Fundamentals Prelim Flashcards
Which detect changes in magnetic fields, are fundamental in various applications, including automotive and industrial.
Hall Effect Sensors,
It is a device, whose resistance varies according to intensity of light it is subjected to
Light Dependent Resistor
A greatly benefits from filters, which are designed to remove unwanted components from the signal, ensuring signal integrity and clarity.
Signal processing
Are chips that contain both digital and analog circuitry on the same chip.
Mixed-Signal ICs
In sensor circuits are primarily used for clean switching operations, demonstrating the need for noise immunity in digital systems
Schmitt triggers
Essential in thermal imaging, operate by detecting changes in the electrical resistance of a material in response to infrared radiation. This principle underscores the intersection of material science and sensor technology.
Microbolometers
A characterized by the output difference when measurements are approached from different directions, reflecting the non-linear behavior of sensors.
Sensor Hysteresis
A data acquisition systems play a pivotal role by allowing only signals with frequencies lower than a certain cutoff to pass through, crucial for maintaining signal fidelity.
Low-Pass Filters
A change resistance under mechanical stress, are a cornerstone in pressure sensing technologies. Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers provide stability against DC offset and drift, crucial in maintaining signal integrity
Piezoresistive Sensors
which produce an electrical charge when mechanically stressed, exemplify the direct conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Piezoelectric Sensors
The concept of sensor fusion, which involves harmonizing different sensor outputs, presents a unique challenge. It underscores the intricacy of integrating diverse data sources to create a cohesive understanding of the environment
Sensor Networks
Are those which require an external excitation signal or a power signal.
Active Sensors
A sensor circuits prevent the sensor from adversely affecting the signal source, ensuring the integrity of the signal being measured.
Buffer Amplifiers
Adjusting screen brightness on smartphone
Light Sensoir
A non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object.
Proximity Sensor
Detect light intensity and color, have a wide array of applications, from digital imaging to environmental monitoring, highlighting the diverse capabilities of sensor technologies in modern electronics.
Optical Sensors
A sensor DC not require any external power signal and directly generates output response.
Passive Sensors,
Used as a sound sensor, captures sound waves and converts them into electrical signals. This transformation allows devices to analyze or amplify the sound.
Microphone
Is a go-to gadget for detecting motion. It works by picking up infrared light from objects in its viewing area.
Passive Infrared Sensor
Measures temperature by detecting thermal radiation or changes in heat. These sensors are essential for monitoring and controlling temperature in various applications.
Thermal Sensor
Detects and measures the presence or concentration of chemical substances in an environment. It converts this chemical information into an electrical signal for analysis.
Chemical Sensor
Sensor uses radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. It helps in tracking and identifying items without needing direct contact or a line of sight.
Radio Frequency Identification
Detects light and changes in light intensity. It converts this information into an electrical signal that devices can understand.
Optical sensor
Are used in many areas. You’ll see them in bathroom scales, kitchen scales, and industrial equipment where precise weight measurement is crucial. They help ensure accuracy in manufacturing, packaging, and even in everyday household items.
Strain and Weight Sensors
_ are integrated circuits that contain both analog and digital circuitry on one chip.
Mixed-signal ICs
An _ is a continuous time-varying signal,
analog signal
_ is a noncontinuous signal
digital signal
From NEC standards, the _ is defined as any electric circuit that energizes the signaling equipment.
signal circuit
The term _ implies that both analog and digital processing is done as part of the system.
mixed signal processing
A _ contributes to the entire life cycle of a mixed signal integrated circuit.
mixed signal design engineer
___
These _ does processing of analog and digital signals together.
Mixed-signal Integrated Chip (IC)
Mixed-signal ICs
___ feature a digital crossbar that functions like a programmable switch-fabric, allowing designers to route digital peripherals to available I/O pins.
Mixed-signal MCUs
_ primarily detect changes in capacitance, a crucial aspect in touch-sensitive technology.
Capacitive touch sensors
_ rely on the Coriolis force for their operation, demonstrating the application of physical principles in microscale devices.
MEMS gyroscopes
_ distinguish themselves from standard transistors through their light sensitivity, an essential feature in optoelectronics.
Phototransistors
The _, a fundamental circuit in sensor technology, is primarily used for precise resistance measurement, highlighting its
significance in various sensing applications.
Wheatstone bridge
In radio technology, the _ uses a mixer for frequency conversion, illustrating the complex processes involved in
radio signal processing.
superheterodyne receiver
_ is a critical measure of energy absorption by the body, underscoring the importance of safety in wireless technologies.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
_ in ADCs emphasize the importance of the oversampling ratio, underlining the role of digital signal processing in enhancing analog signals.
Delta-sigma modulators
_ are known for their high accuracy in position sensing, demonstrating the precision achievable in electromechanical systems.
LVDTs (Linear Variable Differential Transformers)
_ are renowned for their extreme sensitivity, especially
in detecting minute magnetic fields.
SQUID sensors
_, the ability to reject unwanted signals, is a vital aspect in ensuring accurate measurements.
Sensor selectivity
_, a lag in response indicative of the dynamic behavior of magnetic materials.
Magnetic sensors exhibit hysteresis
_ in sensor circuits are primarily used for clean switching operations, demonstrating the need for noise immunity in digital systems.
Schmitt triggers
_ in sensors refers to the unwanted interference from external factors, a challenge in ensuring sensor accuracy.
Cross-sensitivity
_, which change resistance under mechanical stress, are a cornerstone in pressure sensing technologies.
Piezoresistive sensors
_ provide stability against DC offset and drift, crucial in maintaining signal integrity.
Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers
_ are valued for their simplicity and reliability in various sensing applications.
Reed switches
_ measure changes in resistance due to deformation, a principle widely used in mechanical stress analysis.
Strain gauges
_ generate voltage signals through the Seebeck effect, illustrating the conversion of thermal energy to electrical signals.
Thermopile sensors
In high-frequency sensor circuits, _ play a key role in noise reduction, highlighting the importance of filtering unwanted signals.
capacitors
_ operate on micro-electro-mechanical displacement detection, showcasing the miniaturization of mechanical systems.
MEMS-based inertial sensors
_ use oversampling primarily to improve resolution
through noise shaping, a technique that demonstrates the sophistication in analog-to-digital conversion.
Sigma-delta ADCs
_ is characterized by the output difference when measurements are approached from different directions, reflecting the non-linear behavior of sensors.
Sensor hysteresis
In mixed-signal circuit design, _ , a time-domain phenomenon, affects timing accuracy, emphasizing the need for precision in digital and analog integration.
jitter
_ rely on the piezoelectric effect, underlining the integration of material properties in sensor design.
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensors
_ sensors utilize wavelength reflection changes in light, a principle fundamental in optical sensing.
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
_ isolate and amplify signals at specific frequencies, a critical function in signal processing.
Lock-in amplifiers
_ in laser sensors increases pulse energy, enhancing the capabilities of laser technology.
Chirped Pulse Amplification
_, image signals are transferred via charge transfer between
capacitive bins, a process central to digital imaging.
Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)
_ function based on the principle that a magnetic field varies proportionally with the current flow.
Hall Effect sensors
_ significantly enhances signal processing in mixed-signal circuits by
synchronizing the phase of an output signal with a reference, demonstrating the critical role of phase alignment in communications and signal processing.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) technology
_ in distance measurement sensors stands out for its greater accuracy in distance calculation, a testament to the advancements in precision measurement technologies
Time of Flight (ToF) technology
_ utilize modulation doping to enhance the mobility of charge carriers within the channel, highlighting the nuanced control of electronic properties for improved device performance.
High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs)
_, though promising in their application, face a significant challenge in ensuring the environmental stability of the quantum dots, a hurdle critical for their practical application.
Quantum Dot sensors
are significant in optical sensors as they interconnect the absorption and dispersion properties of materials, emphasizing the complex nature of light-matter interaction.
Kramers-Kronig Relations
_, essential in thermal imaging, operate by detecting changes in the electrical resistance of a material in response to infrared radiation.
Microbolometers
_ as a sensor technology operates by detecting changes in thermal energy absorption, a method integral to material analysis and characterization.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
In sensor networks, the concept of _, which involves harmonizing different sensor outputs, presents a unique challenge.
sensor fusion
_ in CMOS sensors marks a significant advancement in achieving high-resolution imaging, demonstrating the continual evolution of imaging technology.
Backside Illumination (BSI)
technology
_ to the fundamental roles in mixed-signal systems, _ serve the crucial function of converting physical phenomena into electrical signals, bridging the gap between the physical world and electronic systems.
Shifting focus
sensors
_ are widely recognized for their efficiency in temperature measurement.
Thermocouples
_ play an indispensable role in converting analog signals into
digital form, highlighting the ongoing need for seamless analog-digital
integration in modern electronics.
Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
_ greatly benefits from filters, which are designed to remove unwanted components from the signal, ensuring signal integrity and clarity.
Signal processing
_ convert digital signals back into analog form, completing the cycle in
mixed-signal systems.
Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs)
_ are optimally suited for detecting motion or displacement, an essential capability in numerous modern technologies, from smartphones to navigation systems.
Gyroscopes
_ revolves around its resolution, a critical parameter that determines the quality and precision of digital representation.
Assessing the performance of an ADC
_, which produce an electrical charge when mechanically stressed, exemplify the direct conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Piezoelectric sensors
_ amplifiers in sensor circuits prevent the sensor from adversely affecting the signal source, ensuring the integrity of the signal being measured.
Buffer
The term ‘_’ in sensors refers to the minimum input required to produce a measurable output, a key factor in determining a sensor’s efficacy.
sensitivity
_, which detect changes in magnetic fields, are fundamental in various applications, including automotive and industrial.
Hall Effect sensors
_ in mixed-signal systems is essential, and it is often achieved through effective shielding and grounding techniques.
Reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
_, which detect light intensity and color, have a wide array of applications, from digital imaging to environmental monitoring, highlighting the diverse capabilities of sensor technologies in modern electronics.
optical sensors
_ in mixed-signal systems is crucial for minimizing electrostatic discharge damage, ensuring the safety and longevity of electronic components.
Grounding
_ in data acquisition systems play a pivotal role by allowing only signals with frequencies lower than a certain
cutoff to pass through, crucial for maintaining signal fidelity.
Low-Pass Filters
a _ as an input device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a specific physical quantity (input).
Sensor
A _ is a device that converts signals from one energy domain to electrical domain.
Sensor
The simplest example of a sensor is an _. It is a device, whose resistance varies according to intensity of light it is subjected to.
LDR or a Light Dependent Resistor
_ means that it is part of a bigger system which provides input
to a main control system (like a Processor or a Microcontroller).
“input device”
_ are those which require an external excitation signal or a power signal.
Active Sensors
_, on the other hand, do not require any external power signal and directly generates output response.
Passive Sensors
Controlling HVAC systems in homes and offices
Temperature Sensor
Detecting objects in automatic doors
Proximity Sensor
Screen orientation in smartphones
Accelerometer Sensor
Remote controls for TVs and other devices
IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
Monitoring tire pressure in vehicles
Pressure Sensor
Adjusting screen brightness on smartphones
Light Sensor
Parking assistance in cars
Ultrasonic Sensor
Managing water levels in tanks
Flow and Level Sensor
Detecting smoke and gas leaks in homes
Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
Voice recognition in smart speakers
Microphone (Sound Sensor)
Touchscreens on smartphones and tablets
Touch Sensor
Color detection in industrial sorting machines
Color Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Controlling humidity levels in greenhouses
Detecting the position of a rotating object
Magnetic Sensor (Hall Effect Sensor)
Tracking the position of machine parts
Position Sensor
Detecting the tilt of gaming controllers
Tilt Sensor
Motion detection in security systems
PIR Sensor
Weighing items on digital scales
Strain and Weight Sensor
Stabilizing drones during flight
Gyroscope Sensor
Adjusting lighting in smart home systems
Optical Sensor
Touchpads on laptops
Capacitive Sensor
Detecting vibrations in musical instruments
Piezoelectric Sensor
Temperature control in ovens
Thermal Sensor
Monitoring air quality
Chemical Sensor
Tracking inventory in warehouses
RFID Sensor
_
One of the most common and most popular sensors is the _. A _, as the name suggests, senses the temperature i.e., it measures the changes in the temperature.
Temperature Sensor
In an _, the changes in the Temperature correspond to change in its physical property like resistance or voltage.
_ is a classic Analog Temperature Sensor.
Analog Temperature Sensor
LM35
_, the output is a discrete digital value (usually, some numerical data after converting analog value to digital
value).
_ is a simple Digital Temperature Sensor.
Digital Temperature Sensor
DS18B20
A _ is a non-contact type sensor that detects the presence of an object.
_ can be implemented using different techniques like Optical (like Infrared or Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic sessor (Hall Effect sensor), Capacitive, etc.
Proximity Sensor
Proximity Sensors
__
An __ is a handy sensor that measures acceleration. It detects both the direction and the magnitude of acceleration, whether it’s from movement or the force of gravity.
Accelerometer Sensor
accelerometer
_, the IR Transmitter (usually an IR LED)
and the IR Detector (usually a Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when an object passes between them, the sensor detects the object
Transmissive Type IR Sensor
There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors:
Transmissive Type and Reflective
Type.
_
are light based sensor that are used in various applications like Proximity and Object Detection. _ are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile phones.
Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
_. In this, the transmitter and the detector are positioned adjacent to each other facing the object.
Reflective Type IR Sensor
is a tool that measures the force exerted by a fluid or gas. It can detect subtle changes in pressure and convert them into an electrical signal
pressure sensor
are excellent for dynamic pressure measurements like sound waves.
piezoelectric sensors
also known as Photo Sensors,
Light Sensor
is a non-contact type device that can be used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object.
An _ works based on the properties of the sound waves with frequency greater than that of the human audible range.
Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor
_ are all about keeping an eye on liquids and gases. Whether it’s measuring how fast something flows or checking how much is left in a tank, these are the go-to tools.
Flow and level sensors
One of the very useful sensors in safety related applications
Smoke and Gas Sensors
are used in breathalyzer devices, which determine whether a person is drunk or not. Law enforcement personnel uses breathalyzers to catch drunk-and-drive culprits.
Alcohol Sensor
___
A _, often used as a sound sensor, captures sound waves and converts them into electrical signals.
Microphone (Sound Sensor) microphone
__
A _ sensor is your go-to gadget for detecting motion. It works by picking up infrared light from objects in its viewing area.
PIR Sensor
PIR (Passive Infrared)
detect touch of a finger or a stylus. Often touch sensors are classified into Resistive and Capacitive type. Almost all modern _ are of Capacitive Types as they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.
Touch Sensor
touch sensors
A _ is an useful device in building color sensing applications in the field of image processing, color identification, industrial object tracking etc.
The _ is a simple Color Sensor, which can detect any color and output a square wave proportional to the wavelength of the detected color.
Color Sensor
TCS3200
measure relative humidity (a ratio of water content in air to maximum potential of air to hold water).
humidity sensors
_ detects the position of an object or point within its environment. It converts the position data into an understandable output, typically an electrical signal.
position sensor
_ are classified into Capacitive Type, Resistive Type and Thermal Conductive Type.
Humidity Sensors
Often used to detect inclination or orientation,
are one of the simplest and inexpensive sensors out there.
are made up of Mercury (and hence they are sometimes called as Mercury Switches) but most modern _ contain a roller ball.
Tilt Sensor
are often used in mechanical testing,
Strain gauges
_ are commonly found in scales and industrial weighing systems.
load cells
_ measures the orientation and rotation of an object. It helps track how an object is spinning or turning in different directions.
gyroscope sensor
_ are the most common today, found in many consumer electronics.
MEMS gyroscopes
MEMS
(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)
_ detects light and changes in light intensity. It converts this information into an electrical signal that devices can understand.
optical sensor
_ detects changes in capacitance to measure the proximity or touch of an object. It works by sensing the electrical properties of the object it
comes into contact with.
capacitive sensor
A _ measures changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them into an electrical charge. It works using the
piezoelectric effect, where certain materials generate an electric charge when mechanically stressed.
piezoelectric sensor
_ measures temperature by detecting thermal radiation or changes in heat. These sensors are essential for monitoring and controlling temperature in various applications.
thermal sensor
_ can measure temperature from a distance without direct contact.
infrared sensors
sensor uses radio waves to read and
capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. It helps in tracking and identifying items without needing direct contact or a line of sight.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
which relies on the reader’s signal for power
passive RFID
which has its own power source for a stronger signal and longer range.
active RFID
detects and measures the presence or concentration of chemical substances in an environment. It converts this chemical information into an electrical signal for analysis.
chemical sensor
A sensor DC not require any external power signal and directly generates output response.
Passive sensor
