FTM 79 - Introduction to Bones and Joints

Question 1

Describe the curvatures of the spine.

Answer 1

The cervical region curves convexly anterior

The thoracic region curves concavely anterior

The lumbar region curves convexly anterior

The sacral region curves concavely anterior

Question 2

What are the two primary sections of a vertebra?

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the major features of the vertebral arch?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the three main distinguishing features of a cervical vertebra?

Answer 4

Question 5

Discuss the differences in the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic regions of the vertebral column.

Answer 5

The spinous processes of the cervical region tend to extend straight out while the spinous processes of the thoracic region tend to curve inferiorly

Question 6

Discuss the uniquely structured cervical vertebrae and what makes them unique.

Answer 6

C1 (atlas) - it has not vertebral body or spinous process, instead it has an anterior and posterior arch with two lateral masses on the sides (superior masses for articulation with the skull and inferior masses for articulation with C2).

C2 (axis) - It posses a prominent superiorly protruding odontoid process (aka-dens) that the atlas can articulate with and use as an axis on which to rotate. It also possesses bilater superior articular facets which are also for articulating with the atlas. The spinous process of C2 is usually bifid but it may not be

C7 - possesses a much more prominent spinous process (relative to the other cervical vertebrae).

Question 7

What is the vertebral prominens and what causes it?

Answer 7

It is a palpable spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck. It is caused by a combination of a large C7 spinous process and the fact that the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae curve inferiorly.

Question 8

What are some distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 8

• A heart shaped vertebral body
• A smaller vertebral foramen
• The presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the 11th and 12th vertebrae, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
• The spinous processes are more pointed and curve inferiorly

Question 9

What are some distinguishing features of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 9

• Large kidney shaped vertebral bodies
• They have no transverse foramina, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes.
• The spinous processes are also much shorter
• Larger vertebral foramen than thoracic vertebrae

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the weakest part of a rib?

Answer 11

The angle

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Discuss the features of the clavicle we need to know.

Answer 13

• Sternal end articulates with sternum while arcromial end articulates with acromion
• Medial two-thirds cuves convexly anteriorly and the lateral one-third curves concavely anteriorly
• The superior surface is smooth because there are no muscle attachments
• The inferior surface is rough because there are numerous muscle attachments

Question 14

What does the head of the humerus articulate with? What is unique about this joint?

Answer 14

The glenoid fossa of the scapula. There is no ligament in this joint

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Answer 16

Question 17

What is important to note about the surgical neck of the humerus?

Answer 17

It has several important nerves and vessels surrounding it

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

What features of the radius and ulna articulate with the carpals? Which carpals do they articulate with?

Answer 19

Radial styloid process (inferior surface) articulates with the scaphoid and lunate

Question 20

What is the interosseous membrane composed of?

Answer 20

Ligament

Question 21

What is the mnemonic to memorize the carpal bones?

Answer 21

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

What and where are the three sections of the pubic bone?

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Label numbers: 1-2, 4-11, 14-15, 17, 22, and 23

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

What purpose does the fovea capitis serve?

Answer 27

It is where the ligament that holds the femur head in the acetabulum attaches

Question 28

Where do the tibia and fibula articulate with the femur to form the knee joint?

Answer 28

The anterior surfaces of the tibial condyles articulate with the posterior surfaces of the femoral condyles to form the knee joint.

THE FIBULA DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH THE FEMUR

Question 29

Is the tibia or fibula the medial bone of the leg?

Answer 29

Tibia

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

What is the importance of the intercondylar eminence?

Answer 31

It is the landmark used to find the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because this is what they attach to.

Question 32

What movements are inversion and eversion of the foot?

Answer 32

Inversion - twisting the foot medially

Eversion - twisting the foot laterally

Question 33

What are metatarsals/metacarpals and phalanges numbered?

Answer 33

Starting with 1 they are numbered from the thumb/big toe over.

Question 34

Answer 34

Question 35

What bones form the medial arch of the foot? Lateral arch?

Answer 35

The medial arch is formed by the 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform, navicular, and the talus.

The lateral arch is formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and 5th metatarsal

Question 36

Why is the foot arched?

Answer 36

The bones of the foot are loosely connected to allow the ankle to move with a changing terrain. Because of this the bones must be in an arch to allow for stability while standing