FTM 79 - Introduction to Bones and Joints Flashcards
Describe the curvatures of the spine.
The cervical region curves convexly anterior
The thoracic region curves concavely anterior
The lumbar region curves convexly anterior
The sacral region curves concavely anterior
What are the two primary sections of a vertebra?
What are the major features of the vertebral arch?
What are the three main distinguishing features of a cervical vertebra?
Discuss the differences in the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic regions of the vertebral column.
The spinous processes of the cervical region tend to extend straight out while the spinous processes of the thoracic region tend to curve inferiorly
Discuss the uniquely structured cervical vertebrae and what makes them unique.
C1 (atlas) - it has not vertebral body or spinous process, instead it has an anterior and posterior arch with two lateral masses on the sides (superior masses for articulation with the skull and inferior masses for articulation with C2).
C2 (axis) - It posses a prominent superiorly protruding odontoid process (aka-dens) that the atlas can articulate with and use as an axis on which to rotate. It also possesses bilater superior articular facets which are also for articulating with the atlas. The spinous process of C2 is usually bifid but it may not be
C7 - possesses a much more prominent spinous process (relative to the other cervical vertebrae).
What is the vertebral prominens and what causes it?
It is a palpable spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck. It is caused by a combination of a large C7 spinous process and the fact that the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae curve inferiorly.
What are some distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae?
- A heart shaped vertebral body
- A smaller vertebral foramen
- The presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the 11th and 12th vertebrae, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
- The spinous processes are more pointed and curve inferiorly
What are some distinguishing features of lumbar vertebrae?
- Large kidney shaped vertebral bodies
- They have no transverse foramina, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes.
- The spinous processes are also much shorter
- Larger vertebral foramen than thoracic vertebrae
What is the weakest part of a rib?
The angle
Discuss the features of the clavicle we need to know.
- Sternal end articulates with sternum while arcromial end articulates with acromion
- Medial two-thirds cuves convexly anteriorly and the lateral one-third curves concavely anteriorly
- The superior surface is smooth because there are no muscle attachments
- The inferior surface is rough because there are numerous muscle attachments
What does the head of the humerus articulate with? What is unique about this joint?
The glenoid fossa of the scapula. There is no ligament in this joint
What is important to note about the surgical neck of the humerus?
It has several important nerves and vessels surrounding it
What features of the radius and ulna articulate with the carpals? Which carpals do they articulate with?
Radial styloid process (inferior surface) articulates with the scaphoid and lunate
What is the interosseous membrane composed of?
Ligament
What is the mnemonic to memorize the carpal bones?
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
What and where are the three sections of the pubic bone?
Label numbers: 1-2, 4-11, 14-15, 17, 22, and 23
What purpose does the fovea capitis serve?
It is where the ligament that holds the femur head in the acetabulum attaches
Where do the tibia and fibula articulate with the femur to form the knee joint?
The anterior surfaces of the tibial condyles articulate with the posterior surfaces of the femoral condyles to form the knee joint.
THE FIBULA DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH THE FEMUR
Is the tibia or fibula the medial bone of the leg?
Tibia
What is the importance of the intercondylar eminence?
It is the landmark used to find the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because this is what they attach to.
What movements are inversion and eversion of the foot?
Inversion - twisting the foot medially
Eversion - twisting the foot laterally
What are metatarsals/metacarpals and phalanges numbered?
Starting with 1 they are numbered from the thumb/big toe over.
What bones form the medial arch of the foot? Lateral arch?
The medial arch is formed by the 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform, navicular, and the talus.
The lateral arch is formed by calcaneus, cuboid, and 5th metatarsal
Why is the foot arched?
The bones of the foot are loosely connected to allow the ankle to move with a changing terrain. Because of this the bones must be in an arch to allow for stability while standing
