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BPM1 Exam 2 - Foundations to Medicine 2 > FTM 46 - Connective Tissue 1 > Flashcards

FTM 46 - Connective Tissue 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary components of ECM and what are the ECM’s primary functions?

A
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2
Q

How does connective tissue acquire its nutrients and clear away its waste? How do the cells of the connective tissue communitcate with the brain?

A

Connective tissue is directly supplied by blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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3
Q

What is a stroma?

A

The supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.

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4
Q

What is a parenchyma?

A

The functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue.

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5
Q

What are the common cell types found in connective tissues? Which cell types are permanently in the connective tissues and which ones only pass through connective tissues?

A
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6
Q

What are the 4 basic things to know about fibroblasts?

A
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7
Q
A

Fibroblasts found in an embryo

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8
Q
A

Fibroblasts found in an adult.

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9
Q
A

Firbocytes

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10
Q

Describe how fibroblasts in an embryo and adult appear on a microscope slide.

A
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11
Q

Describe how fibrocytes appear on a microscope slide?

A

Shrunken nucleus and a lose basophilic cytoplasm

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12
Q

What are some notable features of connective tissue that can be seen in a TEM?

A

Cells with extensive rER

Cells with extensive golgi

Cells with a euchromatic nucleus

An abundance of collagen fibrils outside of the cells

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13
Q

What are the two types of adipocytes? What are their informal names?

A

Unilocular (white fat)

Multilocular (brown fat)

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14
Q

What are some key features of unilocular adipocytes?

A
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15
Q

Why do adipocytes appear empty in H & E stains? How can this be corrected?

A

The lipids get washed out during the processing. However, lipids can be visualized with the use of fixatives like osmium and fat soluble stains like oil red O.

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16
Q

What are some key characteristics of multilocular adipocytes?

A
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17
Q

What type of cell do macrophages arise from?

A

Monocytes that have migrated into connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the names macrophages have when in liver, brain, and bone tissues?

A

Liver - Kupffer cells

Brain - microglia

Bone - osteoclasts

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19
Q

Describe some of the distinguishing features of a macrophage.

A

The posses an irregular cell membrane with cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia)

They are multinuclear and very large

Prominent golgi

Abundant lysosomes

Numerous phagocytic vesicles

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20
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

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21
Q

Describe the cell type that mast cells arise from and their location. Describe what occurs before this cell becomes a mast cell. What other cell also arives from this precursor?

A

Mast cells originate in the bone marrow from precursor cells lacking cytoplasmic granules. When they migrate to connective tissue they proliferate into mast cells and accumulate cytoplasmic granules.

Mast cells and basophils circulating in the blood are derived from the same progenitor in the bone marrow

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22
Q

What do the cytoplasmic granules of mast cells contain? What other important compound is released from mast cells but not found in the cytoplasmic granules?

A

Vasoactive mediators - primarily histamine and heparin

Chemotactic mediators - to attract monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils circulating in blood to the site of mast cell activation

Leukotrienes are not present in the cytoplasmic granules but are released from the mast cell membrane as metabolites of arachidonic acid

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23
Q

What is a metachromatic dye and what is metachromasia? What causes it?

A

Metachromatic Dye - a stain that changes color when it binds to a specific, called a chromotrope, in a cell.

Metachromasia is the name given to the color change phenomenon

It is caused by a change in the electronic structure of the dye molecule after binding to a chromotrope

24
Q

What connective tissue cell type can cause metachromasia and with what dye does this occur? Where in the cell does this occur? What other nonmetachromatic dye is useful for staining this region of the cell and why?

A

Toluidine blue turns a purple red color when bound to the cytoplasmic granules of a mast cell

Mast cell granules are also PAS positive because of their glycoprotein nature

25
Q

Descrbie the ligh microscopic appearance of lymphocytes.

A

Small and spherical with very little cytoplasm and a large condensed basophilic nucleus

26
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes and what can these cell mature into?

A

B-cells can develop into plasma cells

T-cells just stay as T-cells

27
Q

What is a negative golgi image?

A

The golgi apparatus is too small to be visualized with H & E staining. However, its whereabouts may be detected in cells with intensely basophilic cytoplasm. This is because the golgi appartus lacks ribosomes causing it to appear relatively pale in the surrounding basophilic cytoplasm. This is called a negative image of the golgi.

28
Q

What is the primary function of a plasma cell?

A

Synthesize and secrete a single class of immunoglobulin

29
Q

What type of protein is an immunoglobulin?

A

Glycoprotein

30
Q

Describe the light microscopic features of a plasma cell and what causes those features.

A

Clockface nucleus - caused by peculiar distribution of chromatin

Basophilic cytoplasm - caused by abundant rER

Negative golgi image - caused by basophilic cytoplasm

31
Q

Describe the TEM features of a plasma cell.

A

Well developed rER

Extensive golgi apparatus

Prominent nucleolus

32
Q

What are some of the key light microscopic features of an eosinophil?

A

Eosinophilic (red) granules in the cytoplasm

Condensed bilobed nucleus

33
Q

What are the primary functions of an eosinophil?

A

Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes

Kill parasitic worms

34
Q

What are the 3 main types of ECM fibers and their alternate names?

A

Collagen Fibers

Reticular Fibers (Type-III collagen)

Elastic Fibers

35
Q

What are the three primary types of ground substances?

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

36
Q

What is the most abundant protein found in the body?

A

Collagen

37
Q

Does hematoxylin or eosin stain collagen?

A

Eosin

38
Q

What are the most abundant AAs found in collagen?

A

Glycine (30%)

Proline

Hydroxyproline

Hydroxylysine

39
Q

Write out all the steps to collagen synthesis.

A
40
Q

How many types of collagen are there? Where is each type most commonly found?

A
41
Q

What type of collagen are reticular fibers primarily composed of?

A

Type-III

42
Q

Describe the general appearance of reticular fibers and where they are commonly found.

A

They are short, thin, and branching. Normally found in organs that undergo large volume changes (spleen, arteries, intestines, testes, etc)

43
Q

Which stains are best used to dye reticular fibers?

A

Silver and PAS (due to carbohydrate content)

44
Q

What does the term argyrophilic mean?

A

An argyrophilic molecule binds to silver stain

45
Q

What is the first type of collagen synthesized during wound healing?

A

Reticular Fibers (type-III collagen)

46
Q

Briefly discuss the development and composition of elastic fibers.

A

Elastic fibers are also often yellow colored

47
Q

What is the most notable feature of elastic fibers and where are these fibers typically found?

A
48
Q

What are the best stains to use for elastic fibers?

A

Orcein, resorcin, or Verhoeff’s

49
Q

What celly type are these?

A

Multilocular adipocytes

50
Q

What cell types are these?

A

Macrophages

51
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Mast cell

52
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Lymphocyte

53
Q

What types of cells are these?

A

Plasma Cells

54
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Eosinophil

55
Q
A

Those are fibroblasts

56
Q
A

BPM1 Exam 2 - Foundations to Medicine 2 (29 decks)

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