Fruits Flashcards
Simple fruits (arrangement) come from…
1 pistil on 1 flower.
Aggregate fruits (arrangement) come from…
greater than 1 pistil on 1 flower.
Multiple fruits (arrangement) come from
greater than 1 flower. (inflorescence becomes fruit.)
What are drutes?
stone fruits
what is a hip?
an aggregate fruit enchlosed in a hypanthium.
what is a raceme?
rachis and pedicels pulling out.
What part of the pineapple do we eat?
the bracts.
What are fleshy fruits (type)?
fruits in which the pericarp is at least partially fleshy.
What are three types of fleshy fruit?
berry, drupe, pome.
What is the definition of a berry?
a fleshy fruit whose entire pericarp is fleshy. They typically have a lot of seeds.
What is the definition of a drupe?
a fleshy fruit with one seed, enclosed in a stony endocarp.
What is the definition of a pome?
a fleshy fruit in which much of the fruit develops from accessory tissues (like the hypanthium.) The endocarp is bony, or papery.
What is the definition of a fruit?
it is a mature ovary of a flower.
What is an example of a berry?
strawberry
What is an example of a drupe?
a peach.
What is an example of a pome?
an apple.
What are the sections of an aggregate fruit called?
fruitlets.
What is the function of fruits?
seed dispersal.
What is the most common fleshy fruit?
berries.
What is the definition of a pepo?
modified berry, tough rind, inferior ovary.
What is an example of a pepo?
squash family.
What is the definition of a hesperidium?
a modified berry w a leathery endocarp that secretes aromatic oils.
What is an example of a hesperidium?
the citrus family.
What are dry fruits? (opposed to fleshy)
fruits whose pericarp is dry at maturity.
What is a dehiscent dry fruit?
a fruit whose wall breaks open to release seeds.
What is the definition of a follicle?
a dry fruit with one point of dehiscence.
What is an example of a follicle?
a peony.
What is the definition of a legume?
a dry fruit with two points of dehiscence.
What is an example of a legume?
soybeans
What is the definition of a capsule?
a dry fruit with three or more points of dehiscence. They are the most common dry fruit, as well as the most common fruit overall.
What is an example of a capsule?
Eucalyptus.
What is the definition of a silique?
a dry fruit with 2 carpels that dehisce away from a central persistent portion, and a modified capsule that is long and thin.
What is an example of a silique?
cabbage
What is the definition of a silicle?
a dry fruit with 2 carpels that dehisce away from a central persistent portion, and a modified capsule that is short and wide.
What is an example of a silicle?
sweet alyssum
What are indehiscent dry fruits?
dry fruits that do not release seeds at maturity.
What is the definition of an achene?
single seeded indehiscent fruit. Seed has a single point of attachment to pericarp.
What is an example of an achene?
sunflower
What is the definition of a Samara?
it is a winged achene (single seeded indehiscent fruit with a single point of attachment.)
What is an example of a Samara?
red maple
What is the definition of a cypsela?
a winged achene with accessory tissue produced by an inferior ovary.
What is an example of a cypsela?
dandelion
What is the definition of a caryopsis?
(grains) fruit of grasses in which the seed coat is fused with the pericarp.
What is an example of a caryopsis?
corn
What is the definition of a nut?
large, indehiscent fruit; single seed, very hard pericarp. Multiple ovules that degenerate to one seed.
What is an example of a nut?
acorn
What is the definition of a schizocarp?
an indehiscent fruit that disarticulates into indehiscent portions.
What is an example of a schizocarp?
maple seed.
What are the three primary methods of seed dispersal?
wind-borne, water-borne, and animal-borne.
What are the characteristics of wind-borne fruits and seeds?
- light, become airborne easily (Ex: orchid seeds.)
- fruits/seeds might have wings/silky extensions.
- some plants use self-propulsion of seeds from fruits by building and releasing pressure.
What is an example of a wind-borne fruit?
tumbleweed.
What are the characteristics of water-borne fruits and seeds?
- adapted to float
2. some have waxy layer to keep water out (seeds)
What is an example of a water-borne fruit?
coconut.
What are some characteristics of the fruits of animal-borne seeds?
they tend to have bright colors, a sweet taste, good smells, and are fleshy.
How does an animal usually disperse seeds?
it eats the fruit, the seeds pass through the GI tract of the animal, and are dispersed in waste (fertilizer). Some seeds partially digest in the GI tract, and without doing so, would be unable to germinate.
How do animal borne plants change as they ripen?
process is mediated by ethylene:
- tissues soften.
- sugar content increases.
- tannin concentration decreases.
- color change from green to more attractive colors (red, orange, blue, black, etc.).
What is one alternate way plants use animals to transfer seeds?
they may have hooks, barbs, spines, etc. which allow seeds to hitch a ride on fur or feathers of animals.
What are two kinds of modified berries?
pepo and hesperiduim.
What are the kinds of dehiscent dry fruit?
follicle, legume, capsule, silique, silicle.
What are the kinds of indehiscent dry fruit?
achene, samara, cypsela, caryopsis, nut, schizocarp,
