Ch 1 vocab (Raven)

Question 1

stromatolites

Answer 1

fossilized microbial mats consisting of layers of filamentous and other microorganisms and trapped sediment.

Question 2

evolve

Answer 2

change over time

Question 3

heterotroph

Answer 3

an organism dependent on an outside source of organic molecules for its energy.

Question 4

autotrophs

Answer 4

an organism that can feed itself.

Question 5

biosphere

Answer 5

the living world and its environment

Question 6

respiration

Answer 6

molecules are broken down by oxygen-utilizing process

Question 7

aerobic

Answer 7

with oxygen

Question 8

anaerobic

Answer 8

without oxygen

Question 9

prokaryotic

Answer 9

simple cells that lack a nuclear envelope and do not have their genetic material organized into complex chromosomes.

Question 10

eukaryotic

Answer 10

cells with nuclear envelopes, complex chromosomes, and organelles, surrounded by membranes.

Question 11

roots

Answer 11

anchor the plant in the ground and collect the water required for maintenance of the plant body and for photosynthesis.

Question 12

stems

Answer 12

provide support for the principal photosynthetic organs (leaves.)

Question 13

epidermis

Answer 13

the outermost layer of cells

Question 14

cuticle

Answer 14

covers epidermis of plants; retards water loss

Question 15

stomata

Answer 15

structure in plants; pair of specialized epidermal cells (guard cells) w an opening between them that can close or open in response to environmental and physiological signals, helping the plant maintain a balance between water loss and its oxygen and carbon dioxide requirements.

Question 16

annuals

Answer 16

plants with a life span of one year

Question 17

perennials

Answer 17

longer lived plants

Question 18

cork

Answer 18

retards water loss; appears in the stem of perennials

Question 19

vascular system

Answer 19

conducting system; conducts a variety of substances between the photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic parts of the pant body. Two major parts: xylem and phloem.

Question 20

xylem

Answer 20

part of the vascular system of plants that allows water to pass upward through the plant body

Question 21

phloem

Answer 21

part of the vascular system of plants through which food manufactured in the leaves and other photosynthetic parts of the pant is transported throughout the plant body.

Question 22

vascular plants

Answer 22

main group of plants

Question 23

meristems

Answer 23

where plant growth originates; embryonic tissue regions capable of adding cells indefinitely to the plant body.

Question 24

apical meristems

Answer 24

meristems located at the tips of all roots and shoots; involved with the extension of the plant body.

Question 25

primary growth

Answer 25

growth that originates from apical meristems

Question 26

secondary growth

Answer 26

thickening of stems and roots; originates from two lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Question 27

seed plants

Answer 27

include almost all familiar plants except the ferns, mosses and liverworts; embryo is enclosed within a specialized covering provided by the parent.

Question 28

seed coat

Answer 28

specialized covering around a seed provided by the parent plant.

Question 29

seed

Answer 29

consists of the embryo, supply of stored food and the seed coat.

Question 30

biomes

Answer 30

natural communities of wide extent, characterized by distinctive, climatically controlled groups of plants and animals.

Question 31

ecosystem

Answer 31

a kind of corporate entity made up of transient individuals. stable, integrated units that are dependent on photosynthetic organisms. the non-living environment plants and animals inhabit.

Question 32

botany; plant botany

Answer 32

the part of biology that deals with plants and with prokaryotes, fungi, and algae.

Question 33

plant pysiology

Answer 33

study of how plants function

Question 34

plant morphology

Answer 34

the study of the form of plants

Question 35

plant anatomy

Answer 35

the study of the internal structure of plants

Question 36

plant taxonomy and systematics

Answer 36

involves the naming and classifying of plants; the study of the relationships among them.

Question 37

cytology

Answer 37

the study of cell structure, function and life histories

Question 38

genomics

Answer 38

the study of the content, organization, and function of genetic information in whole genomes

Question 39

molecular biology

Answer 39

the study of the structure and function of biological molecules

Question 40

economic botany

Answer 40

the study of the past, present, and future uses of plants by people

Question 41

ethnobotany

Answer 41

the study of the uses of plants for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples.

Question 42

ecology

Answer 42

the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Question 43

paleobotany

Answer 43

the study of the biology and evolution of fossil plants.

Question 44

global warming; green-house effect

Answer 44

increase in global temperature due to the trapping of heat radiating from the earth’s surface out into space being intensified through the increased amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, CFCs, and methane in the atmosphere that result from human activity.

Question 45

phytoremediation

Answer 45

a way to clean up polluted environments through the educated use of specific plants.

Question 46

genetic engineering

Answer 46

transferring genes from one source to a different species of plant in order to produce specific desirable characteristics in the recipient plant.

Question 47

transgenic plants

Answer 47

plants that contain genes from entirely different species that display new properties