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Botany > Chapter 25 and 26 Stems > Flashcards

Chapter 25 and 26 Stems Flashcards

1
Q

What has the largest stem in the world?

A

Adonsonia Boabab

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2
Q

What has the tallest stem in the world?

A

Douglas Fir

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3
Q

What has the stem with the most volume?

A

giant sequoia

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4
Q

What are the six functions of stems?

A 
support of above-ground parts of plants (leaves and flowers)
transport (by conduction)
storage (tubers and bulbs)
protection
photosynthesis 
reproduction
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5
Q

What is a node and why are they important?

A

a node is a spot where leaf connects to stem. It adds plumbing needed and the presence of nodes make stems more plex than roots.

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6
Q

What is an internode?

A

stem section between two nodes

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7
Q

Describe the dicot stem pattern as described in lecture.

A
  1. the primary vascular tissue with separate vascular bundles organized in a ring.
  2. the primary Phloem is outside while the primary xylem is inside.
  3. has a pith.
    vascular bundles are open (they are forming the vascular cambium.
  4. if you see sclerenchyma bundles or sheath it’s now closed.
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8
Q

Describe the second dicot pattern of stems discussed in lecture.

A

wider vascular bundles that touch
xylem in, phloem out
primary vascular tissue appears as cylinder
common in stems that undergo a lot of secondary growth.

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9
Q

Describe the monocot stem structure discussed in lecture.

A

vascular bundles are scattered throughout ground tissue (but not random)
ground tissue is not separated into a pith and cortex.
vascular bundles form screaming monkey face.

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10
Q

what is the stolon?

A

a horizontally oriented stem above ground (we know its a stem because of nodes)

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11
Q

How do tendrils grow?

A

up and around support structure.

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12
Q

What are thorns?

A

pointy objects that are for defense.

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13
Q

What does a succulent stem store?

A

it stores water.

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14
Q

What is a cladophyll?

A

(branch leaf) flattened stem that is photosynthetic.

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15
Q

Leaves always grow…

A

below the bud.

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16
Q

What is a Rhizome?

A

a horizontally oriented stem below ground.

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17
Q

What is a bulb?

A

a small stem surrounded by thick fleshy leaves.

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18
Q

What is a corm?

A

a fleshy stem surrounded by thin, papery leaves.

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19
Q

What are tubers?

A

fat, underground storage stem (like potatoes).

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20
Q

The eyes of a potato are also…

A

stem nodes.

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21
Q

When viewed under a microscope, the eyes of a potato closely resemble what?

A

an apical meristem

22
Q

What three stems also serve as storage structures that we discussed in lecture?

A

bulbs, corms, and tubers.

23
Q

What are the two secondary meristems that produce secondary growth?

A

vascular cambium, and the cork cambium.

24
Q

Most secondary growth comes from which secondary meristem?

A

the vascular cambium.

25
Q

How thick is the vascular cambium?

A

one cell thick.

26
Q

What does the vascular cambium produce?

A

the secondary xylem and phloem.

27
Q

When is the epidermis lost?

A

during secondary growth.

28
Q

How do you tell the difference between a stem and a root?

A

a stem will have a pith and a root with have the primary xylem.

29
Q

What is the cork cambium responsible for producing?

A

the periderm.

30
Q

What are the names of the three cuts we can make in woody stems?

A

cross-section, radial, and tangential.

31
Q

Which cut goes through the middle of the stem?

A

radial.

32
Q

Pine, spruce, juniper, and redwood are all examples of…

A

conifers which produce soft wood.

33
Q

Oak, maple, walnut, and birch are all…

A

angiosperms and make hard wood.

34
Q

Why are conifers considered homogenous?

A

they have few cell types, they have tracheids but no vessels, rays are 1 cell wide, and resin ducts can be present.

35
Q

What purpose do resin ducts serve?

A

defensive strategy against insects.

36
Q

Why are angiosperms (hard wood) considered heterogenous?

A

they have many cell types, tracheids and vessel elements, fibers, both heavy density and finer grain, parenchyma, rays are more than 1 cell wide, and lack resin ducts.

37
Q

The vascular cambium goes through two growth periods throughout the year. Name them.

A

Spring wood: (cell w thin walls and wide lumens.)

Summer wood/late wood: cells with thick cells walls and narrow lumen.

38
Q

True or False. heartwood is neccessary for the life of the tree.

A

False.

39
Q

What is heartwood?

A

older, central wood that is not conducting, sometimes dark in color.

40
Q

What is sap wood?

A

conducting wood that is younger than heartwood, farther out and lighter in color.

41
Q

What are the functions of the secondary phloem?

A

transports sugars, the innermost layer is functional for transport, the rest is crushed, and the youngest part is the ring just outside the vascular cambium.

42
Q

The periderm is a collection of what three tissues?

A

cork, cork cambium, an phelloderm.

43
Q

How can you tell you are looking at the periderm?

A

the cells like up well.

44
Q

What type of wax do cork cells have that make them impermeable to water and gas exchange?

A

suberin.

45
Q

Where is the tree alive?

A

between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

46
Q

What are lenticels?

A

holes through the periderm that allow for gas exchange.

47
Q

Bark is considered to be what?

A

everything past the cork cambium.

48
Q

Outer bark is…

A

tissue outside the innermost cork cambium.

49
Q

Inner bark is…

A

tissue between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

50
Q

Which of these is non-living? Phloem, cortex, cork, or phelloderm.

A

cork is non-living.

Botany (27 decks)

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