Foot

Question 1

What makes up the sole of the foot?

Answer 1

Plantar fascia thickens → plantar aponeurosis (helps support longitudinal foot arches)

Question 2

Clinical anatomy: Plantar fasciitis and “heel spur syndrome”

Answer 2

-Plantar aponeurosis inflammation (calcaneus). Pain most severe after sitting and getting out of bed -Cause: running, high-impact exercise, worn-out shoes, overweight -Plantar fasciitis can lead to: 1. Bony process (“heel spur” or “calcaneal spur”) may develop (especially from medial calcaneal tubercle)

Question 3

Clinical notes: hallux valgus, bunion & corns

Answer 3

Hallux valgus is a foot deformity characterized by lateral deviation of great toe: -The surrounding tissue swell → pressure/friction against shoe → bursa forms -Tender and inflamed bursa → “bunion” -Corns (inflamed areas of thick skin) over proximal interphalangeal joints (halfway down big toe)

Question 4

Toe Deformities

Answer 4

Mallet toe Hammer toe Claw toe Trigger toe ***All appear a consequence of shortened flexor muscles which can override lumbrical function

Question 5

Answer 5

Toe deformities (picture)

Question 6

Hammer toe

Answer 6

• usually of 2nd digit
• Proximal phalanx is hyperextended at metatarso-phalangeal joint
• Middle phalanx is plantarflexed at proximal interphalangeal joint
• Distal phalanx is extended

Question 7

Claw toe

Answer 7

• Hyperextension of metatarso-phalangeal joints
• Flexion of distal and proximal interphalangeal joints

Question 8

What supplies the foot with blood?

Answer 8

Terminal branches of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 9

2 kinds of foot arches

Answer 9

1. longitudinal arch consists of medial and lateral parts
2. transverse arch: runs between medial and lateral longitudinal arches