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⭐️raj vigya > Food and Nutrition > Flashcards

Food and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

name macro and micro nutrients required by a human.

A

macro: carbs, protein and lipid
micro: vitamins, minerals and water

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2
Q

what kind of nutrients act as bio-fuel for humans?

A

macro nutrients i.e. carbs, protein and lipid

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3
Q

how much energy in 1 gram of carb?

A

4.2kcal

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4
Q

1 kcal= ____ joules?

A

4184

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5
Q

how much energy in 1 gram of protein?

A

4.3 kcal

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6
Q

how much energy in 1 gram of lipid?

A

9.2 kcal

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7
Q

which nutrient provide immediate energy?

A

carbs

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8
Q

which nutrient provide maximum energy?

A

lipid

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9
Q

where is lipid stored in the body?

A

skin and in small amounts in liver

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10
Q

where is protein stored in the body?

A

muscles

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11
Q

where and in what form are carbs stored in the body?

A

liver in glycogen form

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12
Q

during fasting, from where does the body takes energy?

A

stored carbs in form of glycogen
stored lipid and stored protein

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13
Q

energy provided by vitamins?

A

vitamins do not provide energy

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14
Q

what components of a balanced diet are missing from egg?

A

carbs and vitC

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15
Q

what components of a balanced diet are missing from milk?

A

vitC

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16
Q

who discovered vitamins?

A

Federick Gowland Hopkins

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17
Q

term “vitamin” was coined by?

A

Casimir Funk

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18
Q

effect of vitamins on metabolism?

A

vitamins are metabolic regulators

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19
Q

what is meant by protective food?

A

food rich in vitamins are k/a protective food.

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20
Q

process of digestion of vitamins?

A

vitamins don’t undergo digestion

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21
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins called? which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

lipophilic. Viatmins A,D,E and K.

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22
Q

what are water soluble vitamins called? which vitamins are water soluble?

A

hydrophilic. vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C

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23
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
A

A

Retinol

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24
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
D

A

Calciferol

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25
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
C

A

Ascorbic acid

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26
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
E

A

Tocopherol

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27
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
K

A

Phylloquinone

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28
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B1

A

Thiamine

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29
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B2

A

Or G
Riboflavin

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30
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B3

A

Niacin

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31
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B5

A

Panthothenic acid

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32
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B6

A

Pyridoxine

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33
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B7

A

Or H
Biotin

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34
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B9

A

Folic acid

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35
Q

Vitamin: chemical name
B12

A

Cobalamin

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36
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Retinol

A

A

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37
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Calciferol

A

D

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38
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Ascorbic acid

A

C

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39
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Tocopherol

A

E

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40
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Phylloquinone

A

K

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41
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Thiamine

A

B1

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42
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Riboflavin

A

B2 or G

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43
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Niacin

A

B3

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44
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Panthothenic acid

A

B5

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45
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Pyridoxine

A

B6

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46
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Biotin

A

B7 or H

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47
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Folic acid

A

B9

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48
Q

Chemical name: vitamin
Cobalamin

A

B12

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49
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Xerophthalmia

A

A

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50
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Night blindness

A

A retinol

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51
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Keratomalacia (softening of cornea)

A

A retinol

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52
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Rickets in children (softening of bones)

A

D calciferol

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53
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Osteomalacia in adults (softening of bones)

A

D calciferol

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54
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Scurvy disease (sailor disease)

A

C ascorbic acid

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55
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
General health diseases like bones softning or bleeding gums

A

C ascorbic acid

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56
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Infertility

A

E tocopherol

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57
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Bleeding disorder (haemorrhage disorder)

A

K phylloquinone

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58
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Beri beri

A

B1 thiamine

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59
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Glossitis (oral cancer)

A

B2 riboflavin

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60
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Chelosis (cracking of lips)

A

B2 riboflavin

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61
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Pallagra

A

B3 niacin

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62
Q

Which disease is known as 4D disease? Why?

A

Pellagra deficiency of B3
Dermatitis, dementia, diahorria, death

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63
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Burning foot disease (red blood manufacturing problem)

A

B5 Panthothenic acid
Remember what happens in the above disease

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64
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Anaemia

A

B6 pyridoxine

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65
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Hairfall

A

B7 biotin

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66
Q

Deficiency disease: vitamin
Pernicious anaemia

A

B12 cobalamin

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67
Q

Sources of vitamin A?

A

Cod liver oil, mango, papaya, carrot, guava

A gives the yellow colour

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68
Q

Precursor of Vitamin A?

A

Beta carotene

(Carrot tene)

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69
Q

Where is vitamin A synthesized?

A

Liver

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70
Q

What is anti infectious vitamin? Why?

A

A
Keeps epithelium healthy

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71
Q

Which vitamin prevents measels?

A

A

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72
Q

Which vitamin is essential for rhodopsin synthesis in eye?

A

A retinol

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73
Q

2 types of vitamin D?

A

2 types of calciferol are ergocalciferole (D2) and chloecaliferole(D3)

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74
Q

Sources of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight
Cod liver oil, egg, meat (animal products)

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75
Q

Why is vitamin D called sunshine vitamin? What does it do to cholesterol?

A

UV rays convert cholesterol into vitamin D3 which is present under the skin

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76
Q

Calcium related function of vit D?

A

Increases absorption of calcium in intestines, which increases calcium concentration in blood

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77
Q

Hormone similar function to vit D?

A

Parathormone

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78
Q

Sources of vit E tocopherol?

A

Oils
Soyabean, groundnuts, almond, milk, eggs and oily seeds

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79
Q

What is anti infertility vitamin? Why

A

E tocopherol
Plays important role in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

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80
Q

Which vitamin is responsible for neutralising the free radical in the human body?

A

E tocopherol
Then vitC handles the free radical by vitE

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81
Q

Which vit is beauty vitamin?

A

E tocopherol
Reduces wrinkles and skin spots

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82
Q

Chemical names of three vitamin K?

A

K1 Phylloquinone
K2 menaquinone
K3 napthaquinone

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83
Q

Where is vitamin K synthesised in human body?

A

Bacteria present in intestines synthesises it

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84
Q

Sources of vit K?

A

Leafy veg, milk, egg, meat

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85
Q

Which vitamin is k/a anti haemorrhagic vitamin?

A

K Phylloquinone

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86
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A

Citrus fruits like gooseberry lemon orange tomato chilli

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87
Q

Why is hypervitaminosis caused?

A

Excess of vitamin A riboflavin and D calciferol (not by sunlight)

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88
Q

Which vitamin is essential for collagen fibre

A

Vit C ascorbic acid

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89
Q

Sources of vitamin B12

A

In animal products only that is milk meat liver et cetera

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90
Q

Source of vitamin B1

A

Bran of fruits and cereals

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91
Q

Which vitamin affects the nervous system

A

Vitamin B1 thiamine as it converts carbs into energy

92
Q

What are castle intrinsic and extrinsic factors?

A

Castle intrinsic factor is the glycoproteins necessary for absorption of vit B12
Thus
Vitamin B12 cobalamine is the castle extrinsic factor

93
Q

who discovered protiens

A

gerardus johannes mulder

94
Q

who coined the term “protien”

A

jons jacobs berzelius

95
Q

what are the elements in composition of proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

96
Q

protiens are polymers of what

A

amino acids

97
Q

relation of proteins with amino acids

A

proteins are polymers of amino acids

98
Q

how are amino acids amphoteric in nature

A

they can be converted into acids or base

99
Q

what is the meaning of amphoteric

A

something that can be converted into acid or base

100
Q

what are the two types of amino acids

A

essential amino acids which are 10
and non essential which are also 10

debate has been for one essential to be non essential which would make them 9 and 11

101
Q

what are the semi essential amino acids

A

arginine and histidine

102
Q

which sulphurs contain amino acids

A

methionine and cystine

methionine is the precursor to cystiene

103
Q

what are two types of protein which are animal and plant proteins respectively

A

complete and incomplete

104
Q

why are incomplete proteins called that

A

these proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids unlike complete proteins

105
Q

what is the deficiency of proteins called

A

kwashiorkor

106
Q

what is the deficiency of protein energy called

A

marasmus

107
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

disease caused by deficiency of protein in the diet and in this the person becomes vulnerable to infectious diseases

108
Q

what is marasmus

A

disease caused by protein deficiency in the event of not eating food for a long time/starvation. In the condition of starvation, glycogen stored in the liver gets converted into glucose and provides energy to the body. After the depletion of glycogen, the body gets energy from the breakdown of stored fat and then protein. In this disease, there is a decay of muscles and fat tissues. children are most affected.

109
Q

what proteins are present in milk

A

80% is casein
20% is albumin and globulin

110
Q

what protein is present in horn, hoof, hair and nails

A

keratin

111
Q

which proteins are present in blood and egg

A

albumin is the main
and globulin

112
Q

which proteins are present in silk

A

fibroin is main
and sericin

113
Q

which proteins are present in bones and skin

A

keratin (only in skin)
ossein (only is bones)
in both skin and bones: collagen and elastin

114
Q

which protein is present in wheat

A

gluten and gliadin

115
Q

which protein is present in chromosome

A

histone

116
Q

which protein is present in thrombo (clot)

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

117
Q

which protein is present in rice

A

oryzine

118
Q

which protein is present in maize

A

zein

119
Q

which nutrients are biocatalysts

A

enzymes and proteins

120
Q

what happens in keratomalacia

A

retarded keratinization of epithelia

121
Q

which vitamin deficiency cause a general weakness with pain in joints

A

vitamin c ascorbic acid

122
Q

what are the symptoms of beri beri

A

disease which is caused by thiamine causes pain in hands and feet, swelling of body, paralysis of limbs, oedema

123
Q

photophobia is caused by

A

riboflavin vitamin b2

124
Q

riboflavinosis is caused by

A

as the name suggests riboflavin vit b2

125
Q

cracking of skin at lips endings and lesions of eyes are caused by which deficiency

A

of vitamin b2 riboflavin

126
Q

which nutrients first breakdown in their components and then get absorbed

A

fats and proteins

127
Q

why are proteins so large in size

A

because of their long polymer chains of many amino acids

128
Q

how many types of amino acids are there which form proteins

A

22

129
Q

which types of amino acids cannot be synthesized in human body

A

essential. outer source necessary.
non essential can be synthesized in body mainly through carbs

130
Q

which is the transport protein

A

hoemoglobin

131
Q

protein in hair and nails?

A

keratin

132
Q

protein in connective tissue

A

collagen

133
Q

contractile proteins in muscles

A

actin and myosin

134
Q

how is 1 kcal defined

A

the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 litre water by 1 degree

135
Q

which nutrient is the only source of energy for the central nervous system

A

glucose

136
Q

what are the components of carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

137
Q

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbs

A

1:2:1

138
Q

what are the 3 types of carbs

A

sugar
starch
cellulose

139
Q

minimum how many carbons required to form carbohydrates

A

3

140
Q

classification of carbs on the basis of taste and solubility in water

A

sugar and non sugar carbs

141
Q

which carbs are water insoluble

A

non sweet carbs

142
Q

classification of carbs on the basis of hydrolysis in water?

A

monosaccharides (M)
disaccharides (D)
polysaccharides (P)

143
Q

why are monosaccharides not hydrolysied

A

because they are already at the simplest form

144
Q

which types of sugars are hydrolised in water

A

disaccharides and polysaccharides(non suga)

145
Q

general formula for monsaccharides

A

[CH2O]n

n=number of carbons (3 to 7)

146
Q

pentose sugar formula

A

c5h10o5

147
Q

hexose sugar formula

A

c6h12o6

148
Q

which sugars are found in RNA and DNA

A

RNA ribose sugar c5h10o5
DNA dioxyribose sugar c5h10o4

149
Q

which pentose sugar doesnt follow the general formula for glucose

A

deoxyribose sugar C5H10o4

150
Q

which sugar is aka grape sugar

A

glucose hexose sugar

151
Q

which is blood sugar

A

glucose hexose sugar

152
Q

which is universal sugar

A

glucose hexose sugar

153
Q

other names for fructose sugar

A

fruit sugar
honey sugar
sweetest sugar

154
Q

what is called the sweetest sugar

A

fructose hexose sugar

155
Q

which is known as the brain sugar

A

galactose hexose sugar

156
Q

disaccharides and monosaccharides bonded by what kind of bonds

A

glycosidic bonds

157
Q

sucrose is made by which monosaccharides combined

A

glucose and fructose

158
Q

what is known as cane sugar

A

sucrose

159
Q

invert sugar is

A

sucrose aka invertase

160
Q

table sugar is

A

sucrose

161
Q

commercial or trade sugar is

A

sucrose

162
Q

kitchen sugar is

A

sucrose

163
Q

lactose is made with combining which monosaccharides

A

glucose and galactose

164
Q

which sugar is aka milk sugar

A

lactose i.e. glucose and galactose

165
Q

which sugars are biopolymers

A

non sugar sugars that is polysaccharides

166
Q

which polysaccharides are the storage form of carbs

A

starch in plants
glycogen in humans

167
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose
starch
glycogen
heparin

168
Q

what is heparin

A

glycoprotien i.e. carbs and proteins is a natural anticoagulant

169
Q

which is known as the natural anti coagulant

A

heparin

170
Q

which is known as the animal starch

A

glycogen as the carbs are stored in this form

171
Q

why cannot humans digest cellulose

A

lack of enzyme called cellulase

172
Q

what does cellulose serve as in humans if it cannot be digested

A

it serves as roughage or feacal bulk and facilitates bowl movement

173
Q

which is the most abundant organic compound in the world

A

cellulose

174
Q

lipids are chemically what

A

triglycerides

175
Q

lipids are not soluble in water but are soluble in what

A

non polar hydrophobic solvents like acetone or benzene or chloroform

176
Q

lipids are made up of?

A

fatty acids and glycerol connected by an ester bond

177
Q

lipids and carbs are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but what is the difference then

A

lipids have more carbon and hydrogen and less oxygen

178
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

production/formation of lipids in the body

179
Q

hat is lipolysis

A

breakdown of lipids

180
Q

ratio of fatty acid molecules and glycerol molecules in lipids

A

3 molcules of fatty acids and one of glycerol

181
Q

which type of fatty acids increase obesity in the body and which decrease

A

saturated increase and unsaturated decrease

182
Q

which fatty acid produces LDL and which HDL

A

saturated creates LDL which causes a risk of heart attack and unsaturated creates HDL no risk

183
Q

which type of fatty acids cause heart attack risk

A

saturated. created LDL i.e. low density lipid

184
Q

high hdl and low ldl causes

A

heart attacks. thus unsaturated fats should be taken

185
Q

which is the animal source of unsaturated fatty acids

A

fish oil

186
Q

which plant source produces saturated fatty acids

A

palm oil and coconut oil

187
Q

difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid based on carbon-carbon bond

A

saturated has single CC bond
unsaturated has double

188
Q

which type of fatty acids are liquid at room temperature

A

the safe kind that is unsaturated

189
Q

what are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids

A

MUFA- mono unsaturated fatty acids
PUFA- poly

190
Q

which type of unsaturated fats contain a single double bond and which does many

A

MUFA has single PUFA many

191
Q

which type of unsaturated fatty acids dont form either LDL or HDL

A

MUFA eg olive oil

192
Q

which type of unsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of heart attack

A

PUFA. increases HDL and reduces LDL cholesterol

193
Q

examples of PUFA

A

soyabean oil
groundnut oil
fish oil

194
Q

what are special PUFA

A

omega 3 PUFA or omega 3 fatty acids are the best quality PUFA

195
Q

where is omega 3 PUFA found

A

fish oil and flax seeds

196
Q

minerals are found in humans in which form usually

A

in salt form

197
Q

deficiency of calcium can cause which diseases

A

rickets or oestomalacia

similar to vitamin d deficiency

198
Q

functions of calcium

A

muscle contraction, make bone and teeth strong and even helpful in blood clot formation

199
Q

functions of sodium

A

controls blood pressure
transmission of neural charges
maintains balance

200
Q

main function of zinc

A

responsible for formation of insulin hormone

201
Q

function of potassium

A

like sodium controls blood pressure in body
control of muscles

202
Q

sodium and potassium deficiency can cause

A

high bp
oedema
osmotic pressure disturbance

203
Q

function of phosphorus

A

makes bone and teeth stronger like calcium
mainly it is essential in formation of nucleic acid

204
Q

deficiency diseases of phosphorus

A

same as calcium i.e. rickets and oestomalacia

205
Q

function of sulphur

A

essential protein formation

206
Q

function of iron

A

formation of hemoglobin

207
Q

function of iron

A

formation of haemoglobin and oxidation of tissues

208
Q

deficiency disease of iron?

A

anemea (vitamin b6 wali)

209
Q

main function of iodine

A

formation of thyroxine hormone

210
Q

what does thyroxine hormone do

A

regulates rate of oxidation energy sources within cells

211
Q

deficiency disease of iodine

A

goitre

212
Q

which minerals are needed by human body in large amounts

A

calcium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium
Sulphur chloride
magnessium

213
Q

what is roughage

A

fibrous substance mainly of cellulose that creates the fecal bulk and facilitates bowel movement

214
Q

which nutrient do people recovering from a disease need the most

A

proteins, vitamins and minerals

215
Q

what is the definition of health according to WHO

A

health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely an absence of diseases or infirmity

216
Q

what happens in oedema

A

swelling of legs and feet due to retention of water by cells

217
Q

what are the three kind of deficiency diseases

A

protein energy malnutrition(PEM)
mineral deficiency
and
vitamin deficiency

218
Q

two types of PEM diseases

A

marasmus and kwashikor

219
Q

why does kwashikor happen

A

when mother stops breast feeding an infane

220
Q

what happens in anemia

A

iron deficiency
low rbc
low oxygen carrying capacity

221
Q

mains: points for obesity

A

add pic

222
Q

how is hyper vitaminosis A toxic for humans

A

toxic for liver

223
Q

how is hyper vitaminosis D risky for humans

A

high calcium absorption in intestines
which can cause nausea and vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination. Vitamin D toxicity might progress to bone pain and kidney problems, such as the formation of calcium stones.

224
Q

what kind of vitamins cause hyper vitaminosis

A

fat soluble
water soluble pass through the body in digestion

225
Q

which enzyme breaks down starch?

A

amylase

226
Q

which enzyme breaks down glycogen?

A

glycogenase

⭐️raj vigya (23 decks)

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