Food and Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
name macro and micro nutrients required by a human.
A
macro: carbs, protein and lipid
micro: vitamins, minerals and water
2
Q
what kind of nutrients act as bio-fuel for humans?
A
macro nutrients i.e. carbs, protein and lipid
3
Q
how much energy in 1 gram of carb?
A
4.2kcal
4
Q
1 kcal= ____ joules?
A
4184
5
Q
how much energy in 1 gram of protein?
A
4.3 kcal
6
Q
how much energy in 1 gram of lipid?
A
9.2 kcal
7
Q
which nutrient provide immediate energy?
A
carbs
8
Q
which nutrient provide maximum energy?
A
lipid
9
Q
where is lipid stored in the body?
A
skin and in small amounts in liver
10
Q
where is protein stored in the body?
A
muscles
11
Q
where and in what form are carbs stored in the body?
A
liver in glycogen form
12
Q
during fasting, from where does the body takes energy?
A
stored carbs in form of glycogen
stored lipid and stored protein
13
Q
energy provided by vitamins?
A
vitamins do not provide energy
14
Q
what components of a balanced diet are missing from egg?
A
carbs and vitC
15
Q
what components of a balanced diet are missing from milk?
A
vitC
16
Q
who discovered vitamins?
A
Federick Gowland Hopkins
17
Q
term “vitamin” was coined by?
A
Casimir Funk
18
Q
effect of vitamins on metabolism?
A
vitamins are metabolic regulators
19
Q
what is meant by protective food?
A
food rich in vitamins are k/a protective food.
20
Q
process of digestion of vitamins?
A
vitamins don’t undergo digestion
21
Q
what are fat soluble vitamins called? which vitamins are fat soluble?
A
lipophilic. Viatmins A,D,E and K.
22
Q
what are water soluble vitamins called? which vitamins are water soluble?
A
hydrophilic. vitamin B-complex and Vitamin C
23
Q
Vitamin: chemical name
A
A
Retinol
24
Q
Vitamin: chemical name
D
A
Calciferol
25
Vitamin: chemical name
C
Ascorbic acid
26
Vitamin: chemical name
E
Tocopherol
27
Vitamin: chemical name
K
Phylloquinone
28
Vitamin: chemical name
B1
Thiamine
29
Vitamin: chemical name
B2
Or G
Riboflavin
30
Vitamin: chemical name
B3
Niacin
31
Vitamin: chemical name
B5
Panthothenic acid
32
Vitamin: chemical name
B6
Pyridoxine
33
Vitamin: chemical name
B7
Or H
Biotin
34
Vitamin: chemical name
B9
Folic acid
35
Vitamin: chemical name
B12
Cobalamin
36
Chemical name: vitamin
Retinol
A
37
Chemical name: vitamin
Calciferol
D
38
Chemical name: vitamin
Ascorbic acid
C
39
Chemical name: vitamin
Tocopherol
E
40
Chemical name: vitamin
Phylloquinone
K
41
Chemical name: vitamin
Thiamine
B1
42
Chemical name: vitamin
Riboflavin
B2 or G
43
Chemical name: vitamin
Niacin
B3
44
Chemical name: vitamin
Panthothenic acid
B5
45
Chemical name: vitamin
Pyridoxine
B6
46
Chemical name: vitamin
Biotin
B7 or H
47
Chemical name: vitamin
Folic acid
B9
48
Chemical name: vitamin
Cobalamin
B12
49
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Xerophthalmia
A
50
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Night blindness
A retinol
51
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Keratomalacia (softening of cornea)
A retinol
52
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Rickets in children (softening of bones)
D calciferol
53
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Osteomalacia in adults (softening of bones)
D calciferol
54
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Scurvy disease (sailor disease)
C ascorbic acid
55
Deficiency disease: vitamin
General health diseases like bones softning or bleeding gums
C ascorbic acid
56
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Infertility
E tocopherol
57
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Bleeding disorder (haemorrhage disorder)
K phylloquinone
58
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Beri beri
B1 thiamine
59
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Glossitis (oral cancer)
B2 riboflavin
60
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Chelosis (cracking of lips)
B2 riboflavin
61
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Pallagra
B3 niacin
62
Which disease is known as 4D disease? Why?
Pellagra deficiency of B3
Dermatitis, dementia, diahorria, death
63
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Burning foot disease (red blood manufacturing problem)
B5 Panthothenic acid
Remember what happens in the above disease
64
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Anaemia
B6 pyridoxine
65
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Hairfall
B7 biotin
66
Deficiency disease: vitamin
Pernicious anaemia
B12 cobalamin
67
Sources of vitamin A?
Cod liver oil, mango, papaya, carrot, guava
A gives the yellow colour
68
Precursor of Vitamin A?
Beta carotene
(Carrot tene)
69
Where is vitamin A synthesized?
Liver
70
What is anti infectious vitamin? Why?
A
Keeps epithelium healthy
71
Which vitamin prevents measels?
A
72
Which vitamin is essential for rhodopsin synthesis in eye?
A retinol
73
2 types of vitamin D?
2 types of calciferol are ergocalciferole (D2) and chloecaliferole(D3)
74
Sources of vitamin D?
Sunlight
Cod liver oil, egg, meat (animal products)
75
Why is vitamin D called sunshine vitamin? What does it do to cholesterol?
UV rays convert cholesterol into vitamin D3 which is present under the skin
76
Calcium related function of vit D?
Increases absorption of calcium in intestines, which increases calcium concentration in blood
77
Hormone similar function to vit D?
Parathormone
78
Sources of vit E tocopherol?
Oils
Soyabean, groundnuts, almond, milk, eggs and oily seeds
79
What is anti infertility vitamin? Why
E tocopherol
Plays important role in spermatogenesis and oogenesis
80
Which vitamin is responsible for neutralising the free radical in the human body?
E tocopherol
Then vitC handles the free radical by vitE
81
Which vit is beauty vitamin?
E tocopherol
Reduces wrinkles and skin spots
82
Chemical names of three vitamin K?
K1 Phylloquinone
K2 menaquinone
K3 napthaquinone
83
Where is vitamin K synthesised in human body?
Bacteria present in intestines synthesises it
84
Sources of vit K?
Leafy veg, milk, egg, meat
85
Which vitamin is k/a anti haemorrhagic vitamin?
K Phylloquinone
86
Sources of vitamin C
Citrus fruits like gooseberry lemon orange tomato chilli
87
Why is hypervitaminosis caused?
Excess of vitamin A riboflavin and D calciferol (not by sunlight)
88
Which vitamin is essential for collagen fibre
Vit C ascorbic acid
89
Sources of vitamin B12
In animal products only that is milk meat liver et cetera
90
Source of vitamin B1
Bran of fruits and cereals
91
Which vitamin affects the nervous system
Vitamin B1 thiamine as it converts carbs into energy
92
What are castle intrinsic and extrinsic factors?
Castle intrinsic factor is the glycoproteins necessary for absorption of vit B12
Thus
Vitamin B12 cobalamine is the castle extrinsic factor
93
who discovered protiens
gerardus johannes mulder
94
who coined the term "protien"
jons jacobs berzelius
95
what are the elements in composition of proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
96
protiens are polymers of what
amino acids
97
relation of proteins with amino acids
proteins are polymers of amino acids
98
how are amino acids amphoteric in nature
they can be converted into acids or base
99
what is the meaning of amphoteric
something that can be converted into acid or base
100
what are the two types of amino acids
essential amino acids which are 10
and non essential which are also 10
debate has been for one essential to be non essential which would make them 9 and 11
101
what are the semi essential amino acids
arginine and histidine
102
which sulphurs contain amino acids
methionine and cystine
methionine is the precursor to cystiene
103
what are two types of protein which are animal and plant proteins respectively
complete and incomplete
104
why are incomplete proteins called that
these proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids unlike complete proteins
105
what is the deficiency of proteins called
kwashiorkor
106
what is the deficiency of protein energy called
marasmus
107
what is kwashiorkor
disease caused by deficiency of protein in the diet and in this the person becomes vulnerable to infectious diseases
108
what is marasmus
disease caused by protein deficiency in the event of not eating food for a long time/starvation. In the condition of starvation, glycogen stored in the liver gets converted into glucose and provides energy to the body. After the depletion of glycogen, the body gets energy from the breakdown of stored fat and then protein. In this disease, there is a decay of muscles and fat tissues. children are most affected.
109
what proteins are present in milk
80% is casein
20% is albumin and globulin
110
what protein is present in horn, hoof, hair and nails
keratin
111
which proteins are present in blood and egg
albumin is the main
and globulin
112
which proteins are present in silk
fibroin is main
and sericin
113
which proteins are present in bones and skin
keratin (only in skin)
ossein (only is bones)
in both skin and bones: collagen and elastin
114
which protein is present in wheat
gluten and gliadin
115
which protein is present in chromosome
histone
116
which protein is present in thrombo (clot)
prothrombin and fibrinogen
117
which protein is present in rice
oryzine
118
which protein is present in maize
zein
119
which nutrients are biocatalysts
enzymes and proteins
120
what happens in keratomalacia
retarded keratinization of epithelia
121
which vitamin deficiency cause a general weakness with pain in joints
vitamin c ascorbic acid
122
what are the symptoms of beri beri
disease which is caused by thiamine causes pain in hands and feet, swelling of body, paralysis of limbs, oedema
123
photophobia is caused by
riboflavin vitamin b2
124
riboflavinosis is caused by
as the name suggests riboflavin vit b2
125
cracking of skin at lips endings and lesions of eyes are caused by which deficiency
of vitamin b2 riboflavin
126
which nutrients first breakdown in their components and then get absorbed
fats and proteins
127
why are proteins so large in size
because of their long polymer chains of many amino acids
128
how many types of amino acids are there which form proteins
22
129
which types of amino acids cannot be synthesized in human body
essential. outer source necessary.
non essential can be synthesized in body mainly through carbs
130
which is the transport protein
hoemoglobin
131
protein in hair and nails?
keratin
132
protein in connective tissue
collagen
133
contractile proteins in muscles
actin and myosin
134
how is 1 kcal defined
the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 litre water by 1 degree
135
which nutrient is the only source of energy for the central nervous system
glucose
136
what are the components of carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
137
what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbs
1:2:1
138
what are the 3 types of carbs
sugar
starch
cellulose
139
minimum how many carbons required to form carbohydrates
3
140
classification of carbs on the basis of taste and solubility in water
sugar and non sugar carbs
141
which carbs are water insoluble
non sweet carbs
142
classification of carbs on the basis of hydrolysis in water?
monosaccharides (M)
disaccharides (D)
polysaccharides (P)
143
why are monosaccharides not hydrolysied
because they are already at the simplest form
144
which types of sugars are hydrolised in water
disaccharides and polysaccharides(non suga)
145
general formula for monsaccharides
[CH2O]n
n=number of carbons (3 to 7)
146
pentose sugar formula
c5h10o5
147
hexose sugar formula
c6h12o6
148
which sugars are found in RNA and DNA
RNA ribose sugar c5h10o5
DNA dioxyribose sugar c5h10o4
149
which pentose sugar doesnt follow the general formula for glucose
deoxyribose sugar C5H10o4
150
which sugar is aka grape sugar
glucose hexose sugar
151
which is blood sugar
glucose hexose sugar
152
which is universal sugar
glucose hexose sugar
153
other names for fructose sugar
fruit sugar
honey sugar
sweetest sugar
154
what is called the sweetest sugar
fructose hexose sugar
155
which is known as the brain sugar
galactose hexose sugar
156
disaccharides and monosaccharides bonded by what kind of bonds
glycosidic bonds
157
sucrose is made by which monosaccharides combined
glucose and fructose
158
what is known as cane sugar
sucrose
159
invert sugar is
sucrose aka invertase
160
table sugar is
sucrose
161
commercial or trade sugar is
sucrose
162
kitchen sugar is
sucrose
163
lactose is made with combining which monosaccharides
glucose and galactose
164
which sugar is aka milk sugar
lactose i.e. glucose and galactose
165
which sugars are biopolymers
non sugar sugars that is polysaccharides
166
which polysaccharides are the storage form of carbs
starch in plants
glycogen in humans
167
examples of polysaccharides
cellulose
starch
glycogen
heparin
168
what is heparin
glycoprotien i.e. carbs and proteins is a natural anticoagulant
169
which is known as the natural anti coagulant
heparin
170
which is known as the animal starch
glycogen as the carbs are stored in this form
171
why cannot humans digest cellulose
lack of enzyme called cellulase
172
what does cellulose serve as in humans if it cannot be digested
it serves as roughage or feacal bulk and facilitates bowl movement
173
which is the most abundant organic compound in the world
cellulose
174
lipids are chemically what
triglycerides
175
lipids are not soluble in water but are soluble in what
non polar hydrophobic solvents like acetone or benzene or chloroform
176
lipids are made up of?
fatty acids and glycerol connected by an ester bond
177
lipids and carbs are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but what is the difference then
lipids have more carbon and hydrogen and less oxygen
178
what is lipogenesis
production/formation of lipids in the body
179
hat is lipolysis
breakdown of lipids
180
ratio of fatty acid molecules and glycerol molecules in lipids
3 molcules of fatty acids and one of glycerol
181
which type of fatty acids increase obesity in the body and which decrease
saturated increase and unsaturated decrease
182
which fatty acid produces LDL and which HDL
saturated creates LDL which causes a risk of heart attack and unsaturated creates HDL no risk
183
which type of fatty acids cause heart attack risk
saturated. created LDL i.e. low density lipid
184
high hdl and low ldl causes
heart attacks. thus unsaturated fats should be taken
185
which is the animal source of unsaturated fatty acids
fish oil
186
which plant source produces saturated fatty acids
palm oil and coconut oil
187
difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid based on carbon-carbon bond
saturated has single CC bond
unsaturated has double
188
which type of fatty acids are liquid at room temperature
the safe kind that is unsaturated
189
what are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids
MUFA- mono unsaturated fatty acids
PUFA- poly
190
which type of unsaturated fats contain a single double bond and which does many
MUFA has single PUFA many
191
which type of unsaturated fatty acids dont form either LDL or HDL
MUFA eg olive oil
192
which type of unsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of heart attack
PUFA. increases HDL and reduces LDL cholesterol
193
examples of PUFA
soyabean oil
groundnut oil
fish oil
194
what are special PUFA
omega 3 PUFA or omega 3 fatty acids are the best quality PUFA
195
where is omega 3 PUFA found
fish oil and flax seeds
196
minerals are found in humans in which form usually
in salt form
197
deficiency of calcium can cause which diseases
rickets or oestomalacia
similar to vitamin d deficiency
198
functions of calcium
muscle contraction, make bone and teeth strong and even helpful in blood clot formation
199
functions of sodium
controls blood pressure
transmission of neural charges
maintains balance
200
main function of zinc
responsible for formation of insulin hormone
201
function of potassium
like sodium controls blood pressure in body
control of muscles
202
sodium and potassium deficiency can cause
high bp
oedema
osmotic pressure disturbance
203
function of phosphorus
makes bone and teeth stronger like calcium
mainly it is essential in formation of nucleic acid
204
deficiency diseases of phosphorus
same as calcium i.e. rickets and oestomalacia
205
function of sulphur
essential protein formation
206
function of iron
formation of hemoglobin
207
function of iron
formation of haemoglobin and oxidation of tissues
208
deficiency disease of iron?
anemea (vitamin b6 wali)
209
main function of iodine
formation of thyroxine hormone
210
what does thyroxine hormone do
regulates rate of oxidation energy sources within cells
211
deficiency disease of iodine
goitre
212
which minerals are needed by human body in large amounts
calcium
phosphorus
sodium
potassium
Sulphur chloride
magnessium
213
what is roughage
fibrous substance mainly of cellulose that creates the fecal bulk and facilitates bowel movement
214
which nutrient do people recovering from a disease need the most
proteins, vitamins and minerals
215
what is the definition of health according to WHO
health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely an absence of diseases or infirmity
216
what happens in oedema
swelling of legs and feet due to retention of water by cells
217
what are the three kind of deficiency diseases
protein energy malnutrition(PEM)
mineral deficiency
and
vitamin deficiency
218
two types of PEM diseases
marasmus and kwashikor
219
why does kwashikor happen
when mother stops breast feeding an infane
220
what happens in anemia
iron deficiency
low rbc
low oxygen carrying capacity
221
mains: points for obesity
add pic
222
how is hyper vitaminosis A toxic for humans
toxic for liver
223
how is hyper vitaminosis D risky for humans
high calcium absorption in intestines
which can cause nausea and vomiting, weakness, and frequent urination. Vitamin D toxicity might progress to bone pain and kidney problems, such as the formation of calcium stones.
224
what kind of vitamins cause hyper vitaminosis
fat soluble
water soluble pass through the body in digestion
225
which enzyme breaks down starch?
amylase
226
which enzyme breaks down glycogen?
glycogenase
