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⭐️raj vigya > Blood Group and immunity > Flashcards

Blood Group and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Blood groups are divided into 4 based on what substances in blood?

A

Antigen present in blood

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2
Q

Who discovered blood groups?

A

Karl Landsteiner (A B and O)

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3
Q

Who discovered AB blood group and when?

A

collegues of karl landstener Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli in 1902 i.e. one year after karl discovered ABO grouping

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4
Q

Antigen and antibody of blood group A?

A

A. b.

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5
Q

Antigen and antibody of blood group B

A

B. a.

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6
Q

Antigen and antibody of blood group AB

A

AB. none.

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7
Q

Antigen and antibody of blood group O?

A

None. a and b both.

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8
Q

Where is antigen?

A

On RBC

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9
Q

Where is antibody?

A

In plasma

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10
Q

What is antigen made up of?

A

Glycoprotein

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11
Q

What is antiserum?

A

Anti body

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12
Q

What is immunoglobulin?

A

Antibody

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13
Q

Who discovered another antigen in blood later k/a Rh factor? When?

A

Lansteiner and Weiner. 1940.

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14
Q

Why is the D antigen of blood is k/a Rh factor?

A

Because it was discovered inMacaca Rhesus Monkey.

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15
Q

Which blood group is a universal donor?

A

O negative

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16
Q

Which blood group is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

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17
Q

What is blood transfusion?

A

Transfer of blood to someone

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18
Q

4 stages of blood transfusion?

A

1 donation
2 processing and testing
3 compatibility test
4 blood transfer

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19
Q

Examples of anti coagulants?

A

EDTA
Sodium Dextrate
sodium Citrate

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20
Q

In which stage are anti coagulants added to blood during transfusion?

A

2nd. Processing and testing stage.

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21
Q

What is tested in blood for transfusion in testing stage?

A

Testing of bacteria or virus present in blood

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22
Q

Interaction between antigen and antibody is called?

A

Agglutination

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23
Q

What does agglutination cause?

A

Leads to blood clotting and death of person

liver impairment and spleen malfunction which leads to kidney failure

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24
Q

Blood is stored at what temperature in blood bank? For how long can it be stored?

A

4.4 degree C. 45 days

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25
Q

One unit of blood in india = ____ ml?

A

250

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26
Q

Genotypes of Rh positive person?

A

Pure Rh+ (Rh+ and Rh+)
Impure Rh+ (Rh+ and Rh-)

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27
Q

Genotype of Rh- person?

A

Rh- and Rh- (pure)

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28
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Foetalis

A

When Rh+ male marries Rh- female
First child is healthy
But
2nd gets miscarriaged/aborted

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29
Q

How can Erythroblastosis Foetalis be prevented?

A

By giving anti D injection to mother within 72 hours of the birth of the first child

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30
Q

what is the importance of plasma wrt nutrition and purification

A

it carries nutrients to organs and carry harmful substances from organs to excretory system

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31
Q

role of red blood cells

A

transport and exchange of gases

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32
Q

role of white blood cells

A

protects from pathogens

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33
Q

role of platelets

A

protects blood vessels and helps in preventing bleedin

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34
Q

who discovered ABO blood grouping and when

A

karl landstriner, an australlian scientist in 1901

he recieved a nobel prize in 1930

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35
Q

who discovered the AB group

A

alfred von decastello and adriano sterli

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36
Q

what are the types of allels in blood

A

Ia, Ib, and Io or i

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37
Q

how are the blood types formed

A

by allels and their combinations

A has IaIa or Iai
B has IbIb or Ibi
AB has IaIb
O has ii

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38
Q

which are the recessive allels in blood type formation

A

Io or i

they are not involved in production of antigen

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39
Q

where are antigens present in blood for blood types

A

on the surface of RBC

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40
Q

what is the IgM type for A type blood

A

anti B

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41
Q

what is the IgM type for B type blood

A

anti A

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42
Q

what is the IgM type for AB type blood

A

anti none

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43
Q

what is the IgM type for O type blood

A

anti both

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44
Q

the antibody against a certain blood type is by which immunoglobule

A

IgM

45
Q

antigen which is found on the surface of RBC is made up of what

A

glycoprotein

46
Q

in which animal was the Rh factor first discovered

A

macaca rhesus monkey

47
Q

how common are rh factor in humans

A

85% are Rh+ and 15% are negative

48
Q

which is the most common type of Rh

A

RhD

49
Q

what are the 5 types of Rh

A

RhD
RhE
Rh.e
Rh.C
Rh.c

50
Q

which antibody develop in case of an Rh positive blood transfusion into a negative

A

IgG develops which works against Rh

51
Q

when IgG destroys Rh foreign particles, what is this process called

A

agglutination

52
Q

which harmful substance can be fatal during agglutination

A

bilirubin

this causes liver impairment and affects spleen functionality

53
Q

how does bilirubin affect the human body and causes fatality

A

bilirubin when created in large amounts due to agglutination causes liver impairment and affects spleen functionality which then results in kidney failure and then death of the person

54
Q

what is the only procedure necessary in case of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia

A

blood transfusion

55
Q

who performed the first blood transfusion

A

Dr Jean Baptiste Denys, french physician on 15 june 1667

56
Q

what are the two types of blood transfusions

A

allogenic and autogenic

57
Q

what is allogenic blood transfusion

A

blood is transfused from other person

58
Q

what is autogenic transfusion

A

blood is transfused from the patient itself

59
Q

why is the collected blood kept in the refrigerator

A

it prevents bacterial growth
it down regulates cellular metabolism in blood

60
Q

what is the parents identification through the blood type of child is known

A

mendel’s law of inheritence

61
Q

when is organ donation day

A

august 13

62
Q

if the foetus survives in erythroblastosis foetalis, what disease the newborn usually suffers from

A

hepatitis

63
Q

what is the other name for anti D injection antibodies

A

rhogan antibodies

64
Q

why are the erythroblastosis foetalis injections called anti D injections

A

because the rh+ foetus is caused by RhD rhesus factor (activates IgG antibodies in the mother)

65
Q

what is the study of immunity called

A

immunology

66
Q

what is immunity

A

the pathogen eradicating resistance power of the human body

67
Q

what are the other names for innate immunity

A

non specific or natural immunity or inborn immunity

68
Q

which immunity is present from birth in human

A

innate immunity

69
Q

what are the 4 types of barriers to support innate immunity

A

1 physical barriers
2 physiological barriers
3 cellular barriers
4 cytokines to produce fever or inflammation etc

70
Q

what are a few physical barriers to support innate immunity

A

skin
mucous membrane
cilia and flagello in nasal cavity

71
Q

what are a few physiological barriers to support innate immunity

A

aka chemical barriers
like saliva or tears(lysozymes)
HCl in stomach
acidic nature of stomach or vagina

72
Q

what are a few cellular barriers to support innate immunity

A

white blood cells(like microphages, monocytes, neutrophiles)
cytoxic T cells (natural killer cells which kills cancer cells)

73
Q

what are cytokines

A

chemicals which are produced by infected cells and they try to destroy bacteria or virus

74
Q

what are the other names for acquired immunity

A

adaptive or specific immunity

75
Q

what is active acquired immunity

A

when the body itself synthesises antibody

76
Q

what is passive acquired immunity and give vaccine examples

A

when the external antibodies are introduced in the body example diptheria or tetnus vaccines

77
Q

what are primary and secondary responses in acquired immunity

A

when pathogen enters the body for first time it is the primary response and when it re enters the body it is secondary

78
Q

which of the primary or secondary response to acquired has a lower or a higher energy

A

primary response is low intensity and secondary is high

79
Q

what is colostrum

A

1st milk of mother

80
Q

examples of natural active specific immunity cells

A

b lymphocyte
t lymphocyte
natural killer cells

81
Q

what are the 5 types of antibodies

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

82
Q

what is the shape of antibodies

A

Y shape

83
Q

antibodies are synthesised by what

A

plasma cells

84
Q

antibodies are proteins produced by reaction of what

A

antigen+B cells when coupled specifically for a particular antigen create antibody

85
Q

which cells do antigens activate to produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytic cells

86
Q

what functions do B lymphocytic cells perform for antibody producing plasma cells

A

these differentiate specific pathogens for antibody producing plasma cells

87
Q

what is the general molecular weight of antigens

A

usually more than 6000 daltons (D)

88
Q

what are first generation vaccines

A

produced by using inactive pathogens like polio or BCG vaccine

89
Q

what are second generation vaccines

A

produced by rDNA technique like hepatitis B vaccine

90
Q

what are third generation vaccines

A

produced by synthesised tech like leukamia virus vaccine

91
Q

when an antigen and antibody work against each other, what is the particular part reacting of an antigen is called

A

epitope or antigenic determinant

92
Q

when an antigen and antibody work against each other, what is the particular part reacting of an antibody is called

A

paratope

93
Q

the four steps of the process of antibody destroying an antigen is

A

1 differentiating between self and foreign antigen
2 plasma cell formation by activated B cells
3 synthesis of specific antibodies
4 destruction of antigen by Ag-Ab reaction and cell mediated immunity

94
Q

what kind of bonds are between the two homogenous halves of the Y shaped antibody

A

di sulphide bonds

95
Q

what are the heavy and light polypeptide chains of an antibody are joined with

A

di sulphide bonds

96
Q

which of the two parts of the antibody reacts with antigens

A

the variable portion on the NH2 end of the antibody while the COOH side i.e. the constant portion doesn’t react

97
Q

which immunoglobule is dimeric

A

alpha Ig i.e. IgA

98
Q

which immunoglobule is pentameric

A

IgM (mu)

99
Q

which immunoglobules are monomeric in nature

A

IgD (delta), IgE(epsilon) and IgI(gamma)

100
Q

which is the main antibody in human system

A

IgG (gamma)

101
Q

which antibody is the first to produce in response to an antigen

A

IgM (mu)

102
Q

production of which antibody initiates the production of the main antibody IgG

A

IgM

103
Q

which is the only antibody that can cross the placenta and reach embryo

A

IgG

104
Q

which is the only antibody that is found in mother’s milk

A

IgA

105
Q

which antibody is essential for immunity of a newborn

A

IgA

106
Q

which antibody protects against allergic reactions

A

IgE

107
Q

which covid 19 vaccines were adnio virus based vaccines?

A

covishield
sputnik 5
moderna

johnson is a virus vector based
covaxin is an inactive virus based

108
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes? types? what do those types do?

A

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system. They are divided into two main types: T-lymphocytes (or T-cells) and B-lymphocytes (or B-cells). T-cells help to directly attack infected or cancerous cells, while B-cells produce antibodies to help fight against bacterial and viral infections.

109
Q

function of monocytes and relation with lymphocytes

A

Monocytes are also a type of white blood cell. They are larger than lymphocytes and have a longer lifespan. They can develop into macrophages and dendritic cells, which are important in the immune response. Macrophages are known for phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, such as bacteria, and also for presenting antigens to T cells. Dendritic cells are known for their ability to capture antigens and present them to T cells.

⭐️raj vigya (23 decks)

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