Blood Group and immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Blood groups are divided into 4 based on what substances in blood?
A
Antigen present in blood
2
Q
Who discovered blood groups?
A
Karl Landsteiner (A B and O)
3
Q
Who discovered AB blood group and when?
A
collegues of karl landstener Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli in 1902 i.e. one year after karl discovered ABO grouping
4
Q
Antigen and antibody of blood group A?
A
A. b.
5
Q
Antigen and antibody of blood group B
A
B. a.
6
Q
Antigen and antibody of blood group AB
A
AB. none.
7
Q
Antigen and antibody of blood group O?
A
None. a and b both.
8
Q
Where is antigen?
A
On RBC
9
Q
Where is antibody?
A
In plasma
10
Q
What is antigen made up of?
A
Glycoprotein
11
Q
What is antiserum?
A
Anti body
12
Q
What is immunoglobulin?
A
Antibody
13
Q
Who discovered another antigen in blood later k/a Rh factor? When?
A
Lansteiner and Weiner. 1940.
14
Q
Why is the D antigen of blood is k/a Rh factor?
A
Because it was discovered inMacaca Rhesus Monkey.
15
Q
Which blood group is a universal donor?
A
O negative
16
Q
Which blood group is the universal recipient?
A
AB+
17
Q
What is blood transfusion?
A
Transfer of blood to someone
18
Q
4 stages of blood transfusion?
A
1 donation
2 processing and testing
3 compatibility test
4 blood transfer
19
Q
Examples of anti coagulants?
A
EDTA
Sodium Dextrate
sodium Citrate
20
Q
In which stage are anti coagulants added to blood during transfusion?
A
2nd. Processing and testing stage.
21
Q
What is tested in blood for transfusion in testing stage?
A
Testing of bacteria or virus present in blood
22
Q
Interaction between antigen and antibody is called?
A
Agglutination
23
Q
What does agglutination cause?
A
Leads to blood clotting and death of person
liver impairment and spleen malfunction which leads to kidney failure
24
Q
Blood is stored at what temperature in blood bank? For how long can it be stored?
A
4.4 degree C. 45 days
25
One unit of blood in india = ____ ml?
250
26
Genotypes of Rh positive person?
Pure Rh+ (Rh+ and Rh+)
Impure Rh+ (Rh+ and Rh-)
27
Genotype of Rh- person?
Rh- and Rh- (pure)
28
What is Erythroblastosis Foetalis
When Rh+ male marries Rh- female
First child is healthy
But
2nd gets miscarriaged/aborted
29
How can Erythroblastosis Foetalis be prevented?
By giving anti D injection to mother within 72 hours of the birth of the first child
30
what is the importance of plasma wrt nutrition and purification
it carries nutrients to organs and carry harmful substances from organs to excretory system
31
role of red blood cells
transport and exchange of gases
32
role of white blood cells
protects from pathogens
33
role of platelets
protects blood vessels and helps in preventing bleedin
34
who discovered ABO blood grouping and when
karl landstriner, an australlian scientist in 1901
he recieved a nobel prize in 1930
35
who discovered the AB group
alfred von decastello and adriano sterli
36
what are the types of allels in blood
Ia, Ib, and Io or i
37
how are the blood types formed
by allels and their combinations
A has IaIa or Iai
B has IbIb or Ibi
AB has IaIb
O has ii
38
which are the recessive allels in blood type formation
Io or i
they are not involved in production of antigen
39
where are antigens present in blood for blood types
on the surface of RBC
40
what is the IgM type for A type blood
anti B
41
what is the IgM type for B type blood
anti A
42
what is the IgM type for AB type blood
anti none
43
what is the IgM type for O type blood
anti both
44
the antibody against a certain blood type is by which immunoglobule
IgM
45
antigen which is found on the surface of RBC is made up of what
glycoprotein
46
in which animal was the Rh factor first discovered
macaca rhesus monkey
47
how common are rh factor in humans
85% are Rh+ and 15% are negative
48
which is the most common type of Rh
RhD
49
what are the 5 types of Rh
RhD
RhE
Rh.e
Rh.C
Rh.c
50
which antibody develop in case of an Rh positive blood transfusion into a negative
IgG develops which works against Rh
51
when IgG destroys Rh foreign particles, what is this process called
agglutination
52
which harmful substance can be fatal during agglutination
bilirubin
this causes liver impairment and affects spleen functionality
53
how does bilirubin affect the human body and causes fatality
bilirubin when created in large amounts due to agglutination causes liver impairment and affects spleen functionality which then results in kidney failure and then death of the person
54
what is the only procedure necessary in case of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia
blood transfusion
55
who performed the first blood transfusion
Dr Jean Baptiste Denys, french physician on 15 june 1667
56
what are the two types of blood transfusions
allogenic and autogenic
57
what is allogenic blood transfusion
blood is transfused from other person
58
what is autogenic transfusion
blood is transfused from the patient itself
59
why is the collected blood kept in the refrigerator
it prevents bacterial growth
it down regulates cellular metabolism in blood
60
what is the parents identification through the blood type of child is known
mendel's law of inheritence
61
when is organ donation day
august 13
62
if the foetus survives in erythroblastosis foetalis, what disease the newborn usually suffers from
hepatitis
63
what is the other name for anti D injection antibodies
rhogan antibodies
64
why are the erythroblastosis foetalis injections called anti D injections
because the rh+ foetus is caused by RhD rhesus factor (activates IgG antibodies in the mother)
65
what is the study of immunity called
immunology
66
what is immunity
the pathogen eradicating resistance power of the human body
67
what are the other names for innate immunity
non specific or natural immunity or inborn immunity
68
which immunity is present from birth in human
innate immunity
69
what are the 4 types of barriers to support innate immunity
1 physical barriers
2 physiological barriers
3 cellular barriers
4 cytokines to produce fever or inflammation etc
70
what are a few physical barriers to support innate immunity
skin
mucous membrane
cilia and flagello in nasal cavity
71
what are a few physiological barriers to support innate immunity
aka chemical barriers
like saliva or tears(lysozymes)
HCl in stomach
acidic nature of stomach or vagina
72
what are a few cellular barriers to support innate immunity
white blood cells(like microphages, monocytes, neutrophiles)
cytoxic T cells (natural killer cells which kills cancer cells)
73
what are cytokines
chemicals which are produced by infected cells and they try to destroy bacteria or virus
74
what are the other names for acquired immunity
adaptive or specific immunity
75
what is active acquired immunity
when the body itself synthesises antibody
76
what is passive acquired immunity and give vaccine examples
when the external antibodies are introduced in the body example diptheria or tetnus vaccines
77
what are primary and secondary responses in acquired immunity
when pathogen enters the body for first time it is the primary response and when it re enters the body it is secondary
78
which of the primary or secondary response to acquired has a lower or a higher energy
primary response is low intensity and secondary is high
79
what is colostrum
1st milk of mother
80
examples of natural active specific immunity cells
b lymphocyte
t lymphocyte
natural killer cells
81
what are the 5 types of antibodies
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
82
what is the shape of antibodies
Y shape
83
antibodies are synthesised by what
plasma cells
84
antibodies are proteins produced by reaction of what
antigen+B cells when coupled specifically for a particular antigen create antibody
85
which cells do antigens activate to produce antibodies
B lymphocytic cells
86
what functions do B lymphocytic cells perform for antibody producing plasma cells
these differentiate specific pathogens for antibody producing plasma cells
87
what is the general molecular weight of antigens
usually more than 6000 daltons (D)
88
what are first generation vaccines
produced by using inactive pathogens like polio or BCG vaccine
89
what are second generation vaccines
produced by rDNA technique like hepatitis B vaccine
90
what are third generation vaccines
produced by synthesised tech like leukamia virus vaccine
91
when an antigen and antibody work against each other, what is the particular part reacting of an antigen is called
epitope or antigenic determinant
92
when an antigen and antibody work against each other, what is the particular part reacting of an antibody is called
paratope
93
the four steps of the process of antibody destroying an antigen is
1 differentiating between self and foreign antigen
2 plasma cell formation by activated B cells
3 synthesis of specific antibodies
4 destruction of antigen by Ag-Ab reaction and cell mediated immunity
94
what kind of bonds are between the two homogenous halves of the Y shaped antibody
di sulphide bonds
95
what are the heavy and light polypeptide chains of an antibody are joined with
di sulphide bonds
96
which of the two parts of the antibody reacts with antigens
the variable portion on the NH2 end of the antibody while the COOH side i.e. the constant portion doesn't react
97
which immunoglobule is dimeric
alpha Ig i.e. IgA
98
which immunoglobule is pentameric
IgM (mu)
99
which immunoglobules are monomeric in nature
IgD (delta), IgE(epsilon) and IgI(gamma)
100
which is the main antibody in human system
IgG (gamma)
101
which antibody is the first to produce in response to an antigen
IgM (mu)
102
production of which antibody initiates the production of the main antibody IgG
IgM
103
which is the only antibody that can cross the placenta and reach embryo
IgG
104
which is the only antibody that is found in mother's milk
IgA
105
which antibody is essential for immunity of a newborn
IgA
106
which antibody protects against allergic reactions
IgE
107
which covid 19 vaccines were adnio virus based vaccines?
covishield
sputnik 5
moderna
johnson is a virus vector based
covaxin is an inactive virus based
108
what is the role of lymphocytes? types? what do those types do?
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system. They are divided into two main types: T-lymphocytes (or T-cells) and B-lymphocytes (or B-cells). T-cells help to directly attack infected or cancerous cells, while B-cells produce antibodies to help fight against bacterial and viral infections.
109
function of monocytes and relation with lymphocytes
Monocytes are also a type of white blood cell. They are larger than lymphocytes and have a longer lifespan. They can develop into macrophages and dendritic cells, which are important in the immune response. Macrophages are known for phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and digesting foreign particles, such as bacteria, and also for presenting antigens to T cells. Dendritic cells are known for their ability to capture antigens and present them to T cells.
