Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ on the basis of the transmission of secretion?
A
Endocrine: through blood and transfer to targeted organ
Exocrine: by duct
2
Q
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ on the basis of what they secrete?
A
Exocrine: enzymes
Endocrine: hormones
3
Q
Which glands are k/a ductless glands?
A
Endocrine
4
Q
List the 9 endocrine glands
A
1 hypothalamus
2 pineal
3 pituitary
4 thyroid and parathyroid
5 thymus
6 adrenal
7 pancreas
8 ovary
9 testis
5
Q
Exocrine glands of digestive system?
A
Salivary, gastric, liver and intestinal
6
Q
Exocrine glands of skin?
A
Sweat and sebaceous
7
Q
Exocrine gland of ear?
A
Ceruminous gland
8
Q
Exocrine glands of male reproductive system?
A
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Cowper’s gland
9
Q
Exocrine gland of female reproductive system?
A
Bartholin
bartholin cyst
10
Q
What is the largest gland of human body
A
Liver
11
Q
Which is the largest endocrine gland
A
Thyroid
12
Q
What is known as a mixed gland?
A
Pancreas
13
Q
What is the master gland
A
Pituitary gland
14
Q
What is the master of master gland
A
Hypothalamus
15
Q
Which is the smallest gland
A
pineal gland
16
Q
Which is the second smallest gland
A
Pituitary gland
17
Q
What percentage of pancreas is exocrine and endocrine gland
A
98% exo 2% endo
18
Q
What is the endocrine Part of pancreas called
A
Islets of Langerhans
19
Q
What are the three types of cells in islets of Langerhans. What hormone do they secrete
A
Alpha sell glucagon. beta cell insulin. gamma cell somatostatin.
20
Q
What is the use of glucagon hormone which cell secretes it
A
Increases glucose concentration in blood. alpha cell
21
Q
What is the use of insulin hormone. which cell secretes it
A
Decreases glucose concentration in blood. beta cell
22
Q
What is the normal concentration of glucose in blood
A
100 mg/dl before food
23
Q
What is the use of somatostatin hormone. which cell secretes it
A
Makes balance between glucagon and insulin. gamma cells
24
Q
What is the composition of most hormones
A
Proteins peptides and amino acids
some are made of steroids produced by cholestrol like progesterone, estrogen and testosterone.
25
Steroid hormones are Released from
Sex glands that is the testis and Overy and hormones from adrenal cortex
26
Hormone secreted by testis
Testosterone and androgen
27
Hormone secreted by ovary
Oestrogen and progesterone 
28
Functions of insulin hormone
Carries glucose from blood to cell
29
Disease caused by the deficiency of insulin hormone
Diabetes mellitus 
30
Test by which diabetes mellitus is measured by. Conditions for being diabetic positive
HbA1C i.e. Haemoglobin A1C test/glycated haemoglobin
>6.5 Diabetes positive
<6.5 Normal
31
In which kind of diabetes is beta cells destroyed
Type one
32
Effect of type one and type two diabetes on insulin hormone
In type one insulin hormone is reduced but in type two insulin hormone is normal
33
What kind of diabetes mellitus is type one and type two diabetes based on insulin dependency
Type one is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and type two as insulin independent diabetes mellitus
34
What kind of diabetes do young people Usually suffer from
Type one diabetes
35
List the hormone Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
GH
TSH
FSH
LH
prolactin
ACTH
ICSH
36
Hormone secreted by the middle lobe of pituitary gland
MSH
37
Hormone secreted by the Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)
38
What part does Pituitary gland controls
Tested
Ovary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
39
Function of prolactin hormone?
Stimulates mammary glands for milk production after pregnancy
40
What hormone is called lactogenic hormone?
Prolactin
41
What is the function of oxytocin for mammary glands?
Starts milk ejection
42
What hormone is known as milk secretory hormone?
Oxytocin
43
Oxytocin causes what in a pregnant woman?
Uterine contractions and labour pain.
Also milk ejection after child birth.
44
What is given to milch cattle for milk secretion?
Oxytocin
45
Which hormone is used for ripening of fruits?
Oxytocin
46
Excess consumption of oxytocin can cause
Depression irritation even cancer
47
Which hormone is used as an abortifacient
Oxytocin
48
Which hormone is also called as love hormone 
Oxytocin
49
What is placenta
Placenta is an endocrine gland formed during pregnancy
50
What are the four hormones released by placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCGH)
Relaxin hormone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
human placental lactogen (HPL)
51
What hormones are produced by both placenta and ovaries
Oestrogen and progesterone
52
Which hormone is tested in a pregnancy test
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCGH)
53
Which hormones are helpful in delivery
Oxytocin and relaxin
54
Composition of urine
Urea 2-3% water 95
55
Which hormone Re absorbs water from urine into the blood
ADH aka Vasopressin
56
Why do desert animals contain more vasopressin?
Vasopressin reabsorbs water from urine into the blood. Desert animals need to preserve water.
57
What disease is caused by decrease in ADH levels?
Diurea
Diabetes inspidus
58
Fullform of ADH?
Anti diuretic hormone
59
Which hormone is known as growth hormone
Somatotropin hormone
60
Which hormone induces Mitosis
Somatotropin hormone
61
Which hormone induces the formation or development of collegen fibre
Somatotropin
62
Which disease is caused by chronic deficiency in function of anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Simmonds disease
63
Which disease is caused by excess of somatotropin in adults
Acromegaly
64
FullForm of TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
65
What is the function of TSH
It stimulates the thyroid gland for formation of thyroxine hormone
66
Full form of ACTH
Adreno cortico tropic hormone
67
Function of ACTH
Stimulates cortex part of medulla to secrete adrenalin and nor adrenalin
68
Full form of FSH
Follical stimulating hormone
69
FSH what function in men and women
Men stimulates testis for spermatogenesis
Women stimulates ovaries for oogenesis
70
Full form of hormone LH
Luteinising hormone
71
Function of hormone LH
Secreted in females and stimulates ovulation
72
Full form of ICSH
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
73
Function of hormone ICSH
Stimulate interstitial cells to secrete testosterone hormones in males
74
Full form of MSH
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
75
Function of hormone MSH
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
76
Where is thyroid gland located
At both sides of trachea in h shape
77
Which gland is known as suicidal gland
Thyroid gland
78
Composition of thyroxine
Thyrocin amino acid plus iodine
79
What is the passive form of thyroxine
Tetra iodothyronin
80
What is the active form of thyroxine
Tri iodothyroid
81
Which gland controls the basal metabolic rate
Thyroid gland
82
What is the deficiency of thyroid called
Hypothyroidism
83
What disease in children is caused by hypothyroidism
Cretinism (congenital iodine deficiency syndrome)
84
Disease caused in adults by hypothyroidism
Myxedema
85
What is the excess of thyroid called
Hyperthyroidism
86
Diseases caused by hyperthyroidism
Exopthalmic goitre and graves disease
87
Who are usually affected by exothalamic goitre
Females of age 20 to 25 years
88
What happens in hashimoto disease
Thyroxin hormone work as a toxin for thyroid gland and destroy it
89
What produces calcetonin
C cells of thyroid gland
90
How much calcium must be there in blood normally
10 mg/dl
91
Why is parathormone also called collip hormone
Found by scientist james bertram collip
92
Effect of parathormone on calcium in blood
Increases calcium concentration
93
Effect of calcitonin on calcium concentration in blood
Decreases calcium concentration in blood
94
What hormone is antagonistic to parathormone. why?
Calcitonin because it decreases calcium concentration in blood while parathormol increases it
95
Which hormone is responsible for reabsorption of calcium in nephron and transfers calcium from bones to blood
Parathormone
96
What disease is caused by deficiency of parathormone
Hypocalcemia which may result in Tetany
97
What diseases caused by excess of parathormone
Hyper calcemia which may result in osteporosis
98
Where is thymus gland located
Between sternum and heart in thoracic chamber of body
99
Which gland is known as immune gland
Thymus gland
100
Which gland is large an active in children and then it becomes inactive in adults
Thymus gland
although, T cells are later also produced by lysosomes and spleen to make up for it
101
Hormone secreted by thymus gland
Thymosin
102
Function of thymosin hormone
Helpful in maturity of T lymphocytes
103
Which gland is known as brains sand
Pineal gland
104
Which gland is known as the third eye of the brain
Pineal gland
105
Pineal gland is made up by which particles
Particles of calcium carbonate caco3
106
Which hormone is secreted by pineal gland
Melotonin
107
Effect of melatonin hormone on skin
Melatonin collect melanin pigments which makes the skin lighter
108
Which gland and hormone are responsible in regulating sleeping patterns
Pinial gland melatonin hormone
109
Which plant is known as suprarenal gland
Adrenal gland
110
Where is adrenal gland situated
Top of the kidney
111
What are the two parts of adrenal gland
Cortex outer 80-90% and medulla inner
112
Name the three layers in the cortex part of adrenal gland
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
113
Hormone secreted by zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone
114
Aldosterone is a kind of what hormone
Mineralcorticoid hormone
i.e. hormones secreted by outer layer of adrenal cortex aka zona glomerulosa
115
How does aldosterone maintains the electrolytic balance in blood
Absorb Na secrete K
116
Disease caused by deficiency of aldosterone
Addison disease
117
Disease caused by excess of aldosterone
Conn's disease
118
Hormone produced by zona fasciculata
Cortisol
119
What kind of hormone is cortisol
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid
120
Which hormone is known as life saving hormone
Cortisol
121
How does cortisol affect metabolism
Cortisol controls carbohydrate metabolism
122
Which hormone is known as anti inflammatory hormone
cortisol
123
Disease caused by deficiency of cortisol
Addison disease where the skin colour changes to bronze
124
What diseases caused by excess of cortisol
Cushing syndrome
125
What hormones are secreted by zona retricularis
Sex hormones including astrogen and androgen
126
Excess of androgen causes
Adrenal virilism
127
Hormone secreted by the medulla part of adrenal gland
Adrenal and nor adrenalin
128
Which hormones are called stress hormone
Adrenalin and nor adrenaline
129
Which hormone is also known as 3F hormone
Adrenal and nor adrenalin fear fight flight
130
Why is adrenal gland also known as 4S gland
Salt sugar sex stress
131
Effect of cortisol hormone on glucose levels
Increase glucose level in blood by converting protein or lipid into glucose
132
How is cortisol antagonistic to insulin
Cortisol increases glucose level while insulin decreases it
133
Which hormone acts as immunosuppressive hormone? where is it used
Cortisol hormone used for organ transplantation
134
Hormone secreted by testis
Testosterone hormone
135
Hormones secreted by ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone
136
Which hormone is also called pregnancy hormone
Progesterone
137
What are primary sexual character
Characters which are present at birth example genital organs
138
What is secondary sexual character
Characters which are developed due to effect of hormones like breasts moustache beard et cetera
