diseases 3: genetic and zoonotic Flashcards
what are genetical diseases
diseases which are caused by abnormality and disorder in the human genome
what is the human genome
complete set of genetic material in human cells. it consists of DNA which has information to build and maintain the body
how many chromosomes are in genome
46 i.e. 23 pair
22 autosomal and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
what is the other name for colourblindnessq
daltonism
where are the colourblind genes located
x chromosome
which chromosome pair would make a female or a male differently, colourblind
XcXc female
XcY male
what is the condition for a female to be colourblind
both X chromosomes are colourblind
XcXc
what is the most common type of colorblindness
red green
what are the chances of a colourblind female be born out of a normal man and colorblind woman
none
if a colorblind woman marries a normal man, what kind of children might be born and with what probability
50% carrier female
50% cb man
which part of eyes are affected by colorblindness
cones
what kind of disorder is colorblindness
x linked recessive disorder
what is haemophilia
clot formation problems because of clotting factors, deficiency in x chromosome
what is another name for haemophilia
royal disease
what are the types of haemophilia
ABC
what are the factors affected in each type of haemophilia
A factor 8
B factor 9
C factor 11
what happens to chromosomes in turner syndrome
monosomy of sex chromosome i.e. x0
what happens physically in turner syndrome
female is sterile, has webbed neck and hair on chest
what happens to chromosomes in klinefelter syndrome
trisome of sex chromosome i.e. 44 + xxy
total 47
what happens physically in klinefelter syndrome
sterile male (female in turner syndrome, male here)
breast development, reduced testes size, taller than average height
what happens to chromosomes in jacob’s syndrome
trisomy of sex chromosomes
44+ xyy
total 47
aggressive males
what is the difference in sex chromosomes in jacob and klinefelter syndromes
jacob extra y: xyy
klinefelter extra x: xxy
what is seen in chromosomes in patau syndrome
trisomy in 13th chromosome
what are the symptoms in patau syndrome
mentally retarded
multiple organ disorders
microcephaly aka abnormally small head
small fingers, lips and bifurcated palate
what happens to chromosomes in edward syndrome
trisomy in 18th chromosome
symptoms of edward syndrome
intellectual disability
small head
low ears
clenched fingers
many don’t survive the first few years of their lives
chromosomal effect in down’s syndrome
trisomy in 21st syndrome
symptoms of down syndrome
mentally retarded
oblique eyes
large forehead
dwarf body
flat nose
what happens to chromosomes in cri-du-chat syndrome
deletion of portion, usually, the small arm of 5th chromosome or transfer to 15th chromosome
in cri du chat syndrome, the transfer happens from which chromosome to which
portion of 5th to 15th
symptom of cri du chat syndrome
patient cries like a cat
which chromosomes are affected in sickle cell anemia
defect in gene at 11th chromosome
how are RBCs affected in sickle cell anemia
they change from normal to a sickle shape causing stiffness and stickiness in them, therefore, more clotting
in which form haemoglobin A changes in sickle cell anaemia
to haemoglobin S
relation of sickle cell anemia and malaria
in malaria, body produces special white blood cells in sickle shape
patient of SCA can already provide for precaution against less clotting happening in malaria
in the beta chain of haemoglobin, which substitution is found in sickle cell anemia
sub of valine in place of glutamine
which chromosome is affected in phenylketouria
12th chromosome
what happens in body in phenylketonuria
excess of phenulalanine due to deficiency of phenylhydroxylase leading to seizures, intellectual disability and behavioural problems
due to deficiency of what is there an excess of phenyle alanine during phenylketonuria
phenyl hydroxylase
what happens in thalassemia
abnormal haemoglobin is produced which reduces normal RBC and causes anemia
what are the types of thalassemia
alpha and beta
what are zoonotic diseases
which can be transmitted between human and vertebrate animals
what is the study of zoonotic diseases
zoonoses
what are the two types of zoonotic diseases
anthropozoonosis
zooanthronosis
what are anthropozoonosis
types of diseases which are transmitted from animals to humans
what are zooanthronosis
diseases transmitted from humans to animals
what are zoonosis and reverse zoonosis
zoonosis are anthrozoonoposis
zooanthronosis is reverse zoonosis
what is amphixenosis
disease transferred between both humans and animals
what are the types of vertebrate animals
pisces
ambhibia
reptiles
aves
mamals
trick: PARAM
what are the causes of zoonotic diseases
transmitted between animals and humans through pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite etc
what are the types of zoonotic diseases based on transmission
2 types
direct and indirect transmission
what kind of indirect transmissions can occur
like food borne through milk, meat or raw fruits and vegetables
like water borne like drinking contaminated water with feces from an infected animal
like vector borne through vectors like flies and mosquitos
are all the diseases spread by mosquitos and flies etc zoonotic diseases?
no
only the diseases which comes through the pathogens in those animals are
they can spread other normal diseases too by being a vector
pathogen of bird flu
virus H5N1
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
bird flu
virus h5n1
wild and domesticated birds
close contact
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
brucellosis
bacteria brucella
cattle: goats, sheep, pigs etc
close contact. infected milk, meat, eating raw dairy products
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
plague
bacteria yersinia pestis
mouse, rabbit
bite, fleas
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
corono
virus sars-cov-2
suspected bats
respiratory
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
ebola
virus
fruit bats, monkeys
body fluids
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
dengue
virus dengue virus
rabbit, sheep, horse
by direct contact of mosquito
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
commonly diarrhoeal disease
camphylobacteria, salmonella, eschericha coli
domesticated animals for food production
under cooked food, unwashed vegetables, contaminated feces
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
hapatitis A
virus
domestic and wild animals
contaminated food with infected feces
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
HIV
virus
monkey
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
japanese encephalitits
virus
pigs
mosquito
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
nipah virus
virus
bats and pigs
direct contact
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
MERS (middle east respiratory syndrome)
corona virus
bats
close contact
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
rabies
virus
rabid animals like dogs, cats, horses, goats, cattle
bite of infected animal
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome)
corona
bats, civets
respiratory droplets
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
swine flu
virus
pigs
close contact
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
tuberculosis
bacteria
rodents, fox
urine or feces of infected animals
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
zika fever
virus
monkey
bite of monkey
disease: pathogen, animal involved and mot
fasciolosis
parasite (worms)
sheep, cattle
ingestion of contaminated food or water or waterplants which are infected
scrub typhus
: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
bacteria
chigger mites
bite of infected mite
chikungunya: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
chickungunya virus
aedes mosquito
bite of mosquito
anthrax: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
bacteria
herbivorous animals like sheep horses etc
direct contact
leptospirosis: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
bacteria
cattle, pigs, dogs, rodents, wild animals
direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animal
west nile fever: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
west nile virus
birds
bite of infected mosquito
lyme disease: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
bacteria
white footed mouse
ticks
yellow fever: pathogen, animal involved and mode of transmission
virus
primates like monkeys and apes
mosquito: aedes aegypti, haemagogus
other name for bird flu
avian influenza
who gave the term “zoonotic disease”
rudolf virchow
who’s researched concluded that 60-75% of human diseases are zoonotic
UNEP(united nation environment programme) and ILRI (international livestock research institute)
when is world zoonosis day
6 july
why is world zoonosis day on 6 july
because on 6 july 1885, louis pasteur successfully administered the first rabies vaccine