Flash 3 Flashcards
Pollutants that may accumulate in indoor air and cause disease
Smoke
Bioaerosols
Radon
Formaldehyde
What are the heavy metals most comonly assoc’d with toxic effeccts in humns?
Lead
Mercury
Arsenic
Cadmium
Excess lead causes _____ in children and ____ in adults
CNS defects
Peripheral neuropathy
Other effects of lead
Lead interferes with the remodeling of cartilage
Causes sideroblastic anemia by interfering with hgb synthesis
What’s the major source of exposure to mercury
Contaminated fish
The developing brain is highly sensitive to what form of mercury
Methyl mercury, which accumulates in the CNS
Remarks on arsenic
Naturally found in soil and water and is a component of some wood presrvatives and herbicides
Arsenic interferes with
Mitochondiral oxidative phosphorylation
Excess cadmium causes
Obstructive lung dse
Kidney damage
What is the most prevalent preventable cause of human death
Smoking
Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrosamines
Aromatic amines
Acute alcohol abuse causes drowsiness at blood levels of
200 mg/dL
What are the most frequent therapeutic drugs involved in drug injury?
- Antineoplastic agentss
- Anticoagulants
- MHT prep and OC’s
- Acetaminophen
- Aspirin
OCP has protective effects vs
Endometrial and ovarian cancer
Remarks on acetaminophen toxicity
May cause centrilobular liver necrosis
Remarks on Leptin
Binds to its receptors in the hypothalamus, decreasing appeitite and increasing energy consumption by stimulating POMC/CART neurons and inhibitng NPY/AgRP neurons
Right-sided heart failure is most often due to
Left heart failure
Less commonly due to primary pulmonary disorders
Critical stenosis for angina
> 70% fixed stenosis
Myocardial ischemia leads to loss of function within ____ minutes but causes necrosis only after _______ mins
1-2 mins
20-30 mins
Remraks on valve diseases
Acquired aortic and mitral valve stenoses account for ~ 2/3 of all valve diseases; much of the remainder is MITRAL REGURGITATIOTN
Rheumatic heart disease most commonly affects the
Mitral valve, and is responsible for 99% of acquired mitral stenoses
In up to 50% of cases, genetic mutations are causal, with ____ representing up to ______ of cases of dilated cardiomyopathy
Titin truncation mutations
20%
What is the most common leukemia in adults
Small lymphocytic lymphoma/
Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma
What is the most common indolent lymphoma of adults; what’s the translocation?
Follicular lymphoma
T(14;18)
Leads to overexpression of BCL2
What is the most common lympoma of adults
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma is strongly associated with translocation involving
MYC protooncogene
Mante cell lymphoma is highly assoc’d with transolocations involving the
Cyclin D1 gene
Remarks on marginal zone lymphoma
An indolent tumor of antigen-primed B cells that arise at sites of chronic immune stimulation
*Mantle cell lymphoma is a tumor of naive B cells
Remarks on hairy cell leukemia
Very indolent tumor of mature B cells that involves spleen and marrow
Highly assoc’d with mutations in the BRAF serin/threonine kinase
Remarks on multiple myeloma
Assocd with translocations involveing IGH locus
Frequent dysregulation and overexpression of D CYCLINS
May be assoc’d with AL amyloidosis (light chains)
