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PSALM GIRLS: HISTOPATHOLOGY > FIXATION > Flashcards

FIXATION Flashcards

1
Q

Fixation is also known as ___________

A

PRESERVATION

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2
Q

The FIRST and MOST CRITICAL step in histotechnology

A

FIXATION

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3
Q

PRIMARY or SECONDARY AIM: to preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like a manner as possible

A

PRIMARY

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4
Q

PRIMARY or SECONDARY AIM: to harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further handling

A

SECONDARY

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5
Q

PRIMARY or SECONDARY AIM: for easy cutting during gross examination

A

SECONDARY

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6
Q

the MOST IMPORTANT REACTION in fixation

A

STABILIZATION OF PROTEINS

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7
Q

leaving a tissue specimen in air can cause it to __________

A

DRY OUT

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8
Q

leaving the tissue in water (hypotonic soln) will cause the cell to _____________

A

SWELL

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9
Q

leaving the tissue in strong salt (hypertonic soln) will cause the cell to __________

A

SHRINK

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10
Q

The chemical constituent of the fixative is TAKEN IN and becomes part of the tissue through cross-links formation or molecular complexes

A

ADDITIVE

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11
Q

examples of ADDITIVE FIXATIVES

A
  1. FORMALDEHYDE
  2. OSMIUM TETROXIDE
  3. MERCURIC CHLORIDE

“naay FOMo si Bea kay Carlo”

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12
Q

The fixing agent is NOT INCORPORATED into the tissue but alters the tissue composition and stabilizes it through water removal

A

NON-ADDITIVE

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13
Q

pH for fixation

A

6.0 - 8.0 (ave: 7.0)

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14
Q

TRADITIONAL/USUAL TEMP FOR FIXATION

A

ROOM TEMP (18-30°C)

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15
Q

TISSUE PROCESSORS TEMP

A

40-42°C

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16
Q

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and HISTOCHEMISTRY temp

A

0-4°C

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17
Q

used to slow down decomposition if the tissue needs to be photographed and cannot be fixed immediately

A

REFRIGERATION

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18
Q

for rapid fixation of VERY URGENT BIOPSY SPECIMENS, formalin is heated to what temperature?

A

60°C

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19
Q

to fix tissues with TUBERCULOSIS, formalin is heated to what temperature?

A

100°C

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20
Q

BEST results are obtained using __________ solutions

A

SLIGHTLY HYPERTONIC

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21
Q

added to OSMIUM TETROXIDE fixatives for EM

A

SUCROSE

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22
Q

rate of fixative penetration

A

1mm/hr

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23
Q

volume/amount of fixative

A

20x

24
Q

OSMIUM TETROXIDE fixative volume

A

5-10x

25
Q

IDEAL SIZE OF TISSUE TO BE FIXED

A

NOT MORE THAN 4mm

26
Q

PHYSICAL METHODS OF FIXATION

A

“CHM” (Cryopreservation, Heating, Microwaving)

27
Q

CHEMICAL METHODS OF FIXATION

A

“VIP” (Vapor Form, Immersion, Perfusion)

28
Q

MAJOR GROUP OF CHEMICAL FIXATIVES:

act by creating COVALENT CHEMICAL BONDS between proteins in tissue

A

CROSSLINKING FIXATIVES

29
Q

MAJOR GROUP OF CHEMICAL FIXATIVES:

act by REDUCING THE SOLUBILITY OF PROTEIN MOLECULES and (often) by DISRUPTING THE HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS that give many proteins their tertiary structure

A

PRECIPITATING/DENATURING FIXATIVES

30
Q

removes lipids, dehydrate cells, and precipitate proteins

A

ORGANIC SOLVENTS

31
Q

form intermolecular bridges creating a network of linked antigens

A

CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS

32
Q

Fixatives that are made up of ONLY ONE COMPONENT SUBSTANCE

A

SIMPLE FIXATIVES

33
Q

Fixatives made up of TWO OR MORE FIXATIVES

A

COMPOUND FIXATIVES

34
Q

SIMPLE FIXATIVES: “AMPAAAO H!”

A
  1. Aldehydes
  2. Metallic Fixatives
  3. Picric Acid
  4. Acetic Acid
  5. Acetone
  6. Alcohol
  7. Osmium Tetroxide
  8. Heat
35
Q

fixatives that permit the GENERAL MICROSCOPIC STUDY of tissue structures

A

MICROANATOMICAL FIXATIVES

36
Q

MICROANATOMICAL FIXATIVES:
“10-10
H-F
Z-Z
B-B”

A
  1. 10% Formol Saline
  2. 10% NBF
  3. Heidenhain’s Susa
  4. Formol Sublimate
  5. Zenker’s Solution
  6. Zenker-Formol
  7. Bouin’s Solution
  8. Brasil’s Solution
37
Q

Fixatives that PRESERVE SPECIFIC PARTS and PARTICULAR MICROSCOPIC ELEMENTS of the cell

A

CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES

38
Q

fixatives that preserve NUCLEAR STRUCTURE

A

NUCLEAR FIXATIVES

39
Q

pH of nuclear fixatives

A

≤ 4.6

40
Q

fixatives that preserve CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES

A

CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES

41
Q

pH of CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES

A

≥ 4.6

42
Q

fixatives that preserve the CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS of cells and tissues

A

HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES

43
Q

NUCLEAR FIXATIVES: “BFNCH”

A
  1. Bouin’s Fluid
  2. Flemming’s Fluid
  3. Newcomer’s Fluid
  4. Carnoy’s Fluid
  5. Heidenhain’s Susa
44
Q

CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES: “HORFF”

A
  1. Helly’s Fluid
  2. Orth’s Fluid
  3. Regaud’s Fluid
  4. Flemming’s Fluid w/out HAc
  5. Formalin WITH post-chroming
45
Q

HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES: “10F-ANA”

A
  1. 10% Formol Saline
  2. Absolute Ethyl Alcohol
  3. Newcomer’s Fluid
  4. Acetone
46
Q

What organs should be packed with COTTON SOAKED IN FIXATIVE or completely opened before being immersed in adequate fixing solution?

A

HOLLOW ORGANS

47
Q

Air-filled lungs or HEALTHY LUNGS will _____

A

FLOAT

48
Q

Diseased lungs will ______

A

SINK

49
Q

What should be injected to EYES before immersing it in fixative?

A

FORMOL ALCOHOL

50
Q

failure to arrest early cellular autolysis is due to _____________

A

FAILTURE TO FIX IMMEDIATELY

51
Q

too little and too hard blocks is due to ________

A

PROLONGED FIXATION

52
Q

soft and feather-like tissues is due to

A

INCOMPLETE FIXATION

53
Q
  1. removal of fixative soluble substances
  2. enzyme inactivation and loss
    ARE DUE TO
A

WRONG CHOICE OF FIXATIVE

54
Q

presence of artefact pigments on sections are due to

A

INCOMPLETE WASHING OF FIXATIVE

55
Q

shrinkage and swelling of cells and tissue structures are due to

A

OVERFIXATION

PSALM GIRLS: HISTOPATHOLOGY (11 decks)

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