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PSALM GIRLS: HISTOPATHOLOGY > DECALCIFICATION > Flashcards

DECALCIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

procedure whereby CALCIUM or LIME SALTS are REMOVED from tissues that makes them flexible and easier to cut

A

DECALCIFICATION

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2
Q

RECOMMENDED temperature for decalcification

A

ROOM TEMP (18-30°C) [22-24°C]

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3
Q

IDEAL TIME required for decalcifying tissue

A

24-48 HOURS

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4
Q

VOLUME OF DECALCIFYING AGENT

A

20x

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5
Q

DECALCIFYING AGENTS: “ACIE”

A
  1. ACID
  2. CHELATING AGENTS
  3. ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
  4. ELECTRICAL IONIZATION / ELECTROPHORESIS
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6
Q

for routine purposes, what 2 ACIDS are used?

A
  1. NITRIC AICD
  2. FORMIC ACID
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7
Q

the MOST COMMON and FASTEST decalcifying agent used so far

A

NITRIC ACID

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8
Q

RECOMMENDED CONCENTRATION of Nitric Acid

A

5-10%

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9
Q

Concentrated solutions of Nitric Acid may inhibit nuclear stains & destroy tissues. To prevent this, what 2 reagents must be mixed with Nitric Acid?

A

FORMALDEHYDE or ALCOHOL

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10
Q

RECOMMENDED for URGENT BIOPSIES and for NEEDLE and SMALL BIOPSY SPX

A

10% AQUEOUS NITRIC ACID

aqueous sounds like “CUTE”? so small biopsy spx…

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11
Q

what decalcifying agent produces LESS TISSUE DISTORTION THAN 10% AQ. NITRIC ACID?

A

FORMOL NITRIC ACID

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12
Q

to remove the yellow color imparted by Formol Nitric Acid, neutralization with 5% of what substance is used?

A

5% SODIUM THIOSULFATE

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13
Q

in the neutralization to remove the yellow color imparted by Formol Nitric Acid, 5% sodium thiosulfate and what other substance is used?

A

RUNNING TAP WATER

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14
Q

this decalcifying agent is used for ROUTINE PURPOSES, NOT FOR URGENT PURPOSES

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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15
Q

it DECALCIFIES and SOFTENS tissues at the same time

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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16
Q

in Perenyi’s Fluid…

what is avoided due to the presence of CHROMIC ACID and ALCOHOL?

A

MACERATION

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17
Q

the MOST RAPID DECALCIFYING AGENT, recommended for URGENT WORKS

A

PHLOROGLUCIN NICTRIC ACID

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18
Q

what nitric acid decalcifying agents impart YELLOW COLOR to tissues?

A
  1. NITRIC ACID
  2. FORMOL NITRIC ACID
  3. PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID
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19
Q

decal agent inferior compared to nitric acid, but produces good nuclear staining

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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20
Q

alternative for HYDROCHLORIC ACID

A

MURIATIC ACID

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21
Q

recommended for SURFACE DECALCIFICATION of tissue blocks if used in 1% solution with 70% alcohol

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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22
Q

recommended for TEETH AND SMALL PIECES OF BONES

A

VON EBNER’S FLUID

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23
Q

composition of Von Ebner’s Fluid

A
  1. 36% SATURATED AQUEOUS NaCl
  2. CONCENTRATED HCl
  3. DISTILLED WATER
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24
Q

recommended for routine decalcification of POST-MORTEM RESEARCH TISSUES

A

FORMIC ACID

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25
composition of **AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID**
FORMIC ACID + 10% FORMOL SALINE
26
Formic Acid *recommended for small pieces of bones and teeth* | not Von Ebner's!
AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID
27
suitable for most **ROUTINE SURGICAL SPECIMEN AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING**
AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID
28
composition of **FORMIC ACID-SODIUM CITRATE**
20% AQUEOUS SODIUM CITRATE + 45% FORMIC ACID
29
recommended for ***AUTOPSY MATERIALS, BONE MARROW, CARTILAGE and TISSUES STUDIED FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES***
FORMIC ACID-SODIUM CITRATE
30
decalcifying agent that **DOES NOT NEED WASHING OUT**
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
31
***WEAKEST DECALCIFYING AGENT***; suitable only for minute pieces of bone
SULFUROUS ACID
32
used as a **FIXATIVE & DECALCIFYING AGENT**; decalcifies minute bone spicules | not TCA!
CHROMIC ACID
33
it is an environmental toxin, highly corrosive to skin and mucous membrane and carcinogenic
CHROMIC ACID
34
permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
CITRIC ACID CITRATE BUFFER | buotan kaayo siya paminawon kay excellent ang nuclear & cytoplasmic
35
Citric Acid Citrate Buffer permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining at what pH?
pH 4.5
36
**DOES NOT PRODUCE CELL OR TISSUE DISTORTION**; too slow for routine purposes
CITRIC ACID CITRATE BUFFER | buotan kaayo siya paminawon kay di makadistort
37
substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts such as Fe and Mg to form weakly dissociated complexes and **facilitate removal of calcium salt**
CHELATING AGENTS
38
preferred for **NUCLEIC ACID & NUCLEAR DNA PRESERVATION and ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY**
CHELATING AGENTS
39
appropriate for **IHC, FISH, and PCR** where very high-quality morphology is required
CHELATING AGENTS
40
the **MOST COMMON CHELATING AGENT**
EDTA
41
COMMERCIAL NAME OF EDTA
VERSENE
42
chelating agent recommended **ONLY FOR DETAILED MICROSCOPIC STUDIES**
VERSENE
43
removes calcium ions from formic acid, thereby increasing solubility from the tissue
ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
44
**NOT RECOMMENDED** for fluids containing acids such as **NITRIC ACID or HYDROCHLORIC ACID**
ION-EXHANGE RESIN
45
process whereby positively charged Ca ions are attracted to a **NEGATIVE ELECTRODE** and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution
ELECTRICAL IONIZATION (ELECTROPHORESIS)
46
Electrical Ionization is **DEPENDENT** on what current to remove calcium deposits?
DIRECT CURRENT
47
**FASTER THAN ROUTINE DECALCIFICATION** irrespective of the decalcifying agents used
MICROWAVE OVEN DECALCIFICATION
48
thickness of sections optimal for decalcification with or without microwave-accelerated processing
3-5 mm
49
what concentration of HCl is used for approximately **1hr** to dissolve calcium in surface decalcification?
10% HCl
50
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: touching, bending, or squeezing the tissue with the fingers to determine the consistency of tissues
PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL
51
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: **MOST IDEAL, MOST SENSITIVE, and MOST RELIABLE** method
RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY
52
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: method that **DETECTS EVEN THE SMALLEST CALCIUM IONS**
RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY
53
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: **EXCELLENT** method for large specimens such as **FEMORAL HEADS**
RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY
54
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: **NOT RECOMMENDED FOR *MERCURIC CHLORIDE-FIXED TISSUES***
RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY
55
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: **SIMPLE, RELIABLE, and CONVENIENT METHOD RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE PURPOSES**
CHEMICAL (CALCIUM OXALATE TEST)
56
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: another term for Chemical mtd
CALCIUM OXALATE TEST
57
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: what material is used as a **pH indicator** for the chemical method?
LITMUS PAPER
58
# WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION: what material is used as an **ACID NEUTRALIZER** in chemical method?
STRONG AMMONIA
59
# in Chemical Method... _____________ indicates **INCOMPLETE DECALCIFICATION**
CLOUDINESS
60
# in Chemical Method... what indicates a **COMPLETE DECALCIFICATION**?
CLEAR
61
5 TISSUE SOFTENERS
1. PERENYI'S FLUID 2. 4% PHENOL 3. MOLLIFLEX 4. 2% HCl 5. 1% HCl in 70% ALCOHOL
62
3 solutions used in ELECTRICAL IONIZATION
1. 88% FORMIC ACID 2. CONCENTRATED HCl 3. DISTILLED WATER

PSALM GIRLS: HISTOPATHOLOGY (11 decks)

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