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PSALM GIRLS HISTOPATHOLOGY > DECALCIFICATION > Flashcards

DECALCIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

procedure whereby CALCIUM or LIME SALTS are REMOVED from tissues that makes them flexible and easier to cut

A

DECALCIFICATION

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2
Q

RECOMMENDED temperature for decalcification

A

ROOM TEMP (18-30°C) [22-24°C]

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3
Q

IDEAL TIME required for decalcifying tissue

A

24-48 HOURS

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4
Q

VOLUME OF DECALCIFYING AGENT

A

20x

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5
Q

DECALCIFYING AGENTS: “ACIE”

A
  1. ACID
  2. CHELATING AGENTS
  3. ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
  4. ELECTRICAL IONIZATION / ELECTROPHORESIS
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6
Q

for routine purposes, what 2 ACIDS are used?

A
  1. NITRIC AICD
  2. FORMIC ACID
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7
Q

the MOST COMMON and FASTEST decalcifying agent used so far

A

NITRIC ACID

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8
Q

RECOMMENDED CONCENTRATION of Nitric Acid

A

5-10%

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9
Q

Concentrated solutions of Nitric Acid may inhibit nuclear stains & destroy tissues. To prevent this, what 2 reagents must be mixed with Nitric Acid?

A

FORMALDEHYDE or ALCOHOL

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10
Q

RECOMMENDED for URGENT BIOPSIES and for NEEDLE and SMALL BIOPSY SPX

A

10% AQUEOUS NITRIC ACID

aqueous sounds like “CUTE”? so small biopsy spx…

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11
Q

what decalcifying agent produces LESS TISSUE DISTORTION THAN 10% AQ. NITRIC ACID?

A

FORMOL NITRIC ACID

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12
Q

to remove the yellow color imparted by Formol Nitric Acid, neutralization with 5% of what substance is used?

A

5% SODIUM THIOSULFATE

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13
Q

in the neutralization to remove the yellow color imparted by Formol Nitric Acid, 5% sodium thiosulfate and what other substance is used?

A

RUNNING TAP WATER

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14
Q

this decalcifying agent is used for ROUTINE PURPOSES, NOT FOR URGENT PURPOSES

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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15
Q

it DECALCIFIES and SOFTENS tissues at the same time

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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16
Q

in Perenyi’s Fluid…

what is avoided due to the presence of CHROMIC ACID and ALCOHOL?

A

MACERATION

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17
Q

the MOST RAPID DECALCIFYING AGENT, recommended for URGENT WORKS

A

PHLOROGLUCIN NICTRIC ACID

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18
Q

what nitric acid decalcifying agents impart YELLOW COLOR to tissues?

A
  1. NITRIC ACID
  2. FORMOL NITRIC ACID
  3. PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID
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19
Q

decal agent inferior compared to nitric acid, but produces good nuclear staining

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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20
Q

alternative for HYDROCHLORIC ACID

A

MURIATIC ACID

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21
Q

recommended for SURFACE DECALCIFICATION of tissue blocks if used in 1% solution with 70% alcohol

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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22
Q

recommended for TEETH AND SMALL PIECES OF BONES

A

VON EBNER’S FLUID

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23
Q

composition of Von Ebner’s Fluid

A
  1. 30% SATURATED AQUEOUS NaCl
  2. CONCENTRATED HCl
  3. DISTILLED WATER
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24
Q

recommended for routine decalcification of POST-MORTEM RESEARCH TISSUES

A

FORMIC ACID

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25
Q

composition of AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID

A

FORMIC ACID + 10% FORMOL SALINE

26
Q

Formic Acid recommended for small pieces of bones and teeth

not Von Ebner’s!

A

AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID

27
Q

suitable for most ROUTINE SURGICAL SPECIMEN AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

A

AQUEOUS FORMIC ACID

28
Q

composition of FORMIC ACID-SODIUM CITRATE

A

20% AQUEOUS SODIUM CITRATE + 45% FORMIC ACID

29
Q

recommended for AUTOPSY MATERIALS, BONE MARROW, CARTILAGE and TISSUES STUDIED FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES

A

FORMIC ACID-SODIUM CITRATE

30
Q

decalcifying agent that DOES NOT NEED WASHING OUT

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

31
Q

WEAKEST DECALCIFYING AGENT; suitable only for minute pieces of bone

A

SULFUROUS ACID

32
Q

used as a FIXATIVE & DECALCIFYING AGENT; decalcifies minute bone spicules

A

CHROMIC ACID

33
Q

it is an environmental toxin, highly corrosive to skin and mucous membrane and carcinogenic

A

CHROMIC ACID

34
Q

permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining

A

CITRIC ACID CITRATE BUFFER

buotan kaayo siya paminawon kay excellent ang nuclear & cytoplasmic

35
Q

Citric Acid Citrate Buffer permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining at what pH?

A

pH 4.5

36
Q

DOES NOT PRODUCE CELL OR TISSUE DISTORTION; too slow for routine purposes

A

CITRIC ACID CITRATE BUFFER

buotan kaayo siya paminawon kay di makadistort

37
Q

substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts such as Fe and Mg to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt

A

CHELATING AGENTS

38
Q

preferred for NUCLEIC ACID & NUCLEAR DNA PRESERVATION and ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY

A

CHELATING AGENTS

39
Q

appropriate for IHC, FISH, and PCR where very high-quality morphology is required

A

CHELATING AGENTS

40
Q

the MOST COMMON CHELATING AGENT

A

EDTA

41
Q

COMMERCIAL NAME OF EDTA

A

VERSENE

42
Q

chelating agent recommended ONLY FOR DETAILED MICROSCOPIC STUDIES

A

VERSENE

43
Q

removes calcium ions from formic acid, thereby increasing solubility from the tissue

A

ION-EXCHANGE RESIN

44
Q

NOT RECOMMENDED for fluids containing acids such as NITRIC ACID or HYDROCHLORIC ACID

A

ION-EXHANGE RESIN

45
Q

process whereby positively charged Ca ions are attracted to a NEGATIVE ELECTRODE and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution

A

ELECTRICAL IONIZATION (ELECTROPHORESIS)

46
Q

Electrical Ionization is DEPENDENT on what current to remove calcium deposits?

A

DIRECT CURRENT

47
Q

FASTER THAN ROUTINE DECALCIFICATION irrespective of the decalcifying agents used

A

MICROWAVE OVEN DECALCIFICATION

48
Q

thickness of sections optimal for decalcification with or without microwave-accelerated processing

A

3-5 mm

49
Q

what concentration of HCl is used for approximately 1hr to dissolve calcium in surface decalcification?

A

10% HCl

50
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

touching, bending, or squeezing the tissue with the fingers to determine the consistency of tissues

A

PHYSICAL / MECHANICAL

51
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

MOST IDEAL, MOST SENSITIVE, and MOST RELIABLE method

A

RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY

52
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

method that DETECTS EVEN THE SMALLEST CALCIUM IONS

A

RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY

53
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

EXCELLENT method for large specimens such as FEMORAL HEADS

A

RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY

54
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR MERCURIC CHLORIDE-FIXED TISSUES

A

RADIOLOGICAL / X-RAY

55
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

SIMPLE, RELIABLE, and CONVENIENT METHOD RECOMMENDED FOR ROUTINE PURPOSES

A

CHEMICAL (CALCIUM OXALATE TEST)

56
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

another term for Chemical mtd

A

CALCIUM OXALATE TEST

57
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

what material is used as a pH indicator for the chemical method?

A

LITMUS PAPER

58
Q

WAYS TO MEASURE THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION:

what material is used as an ACID NEUTRALIZER in chemical method?

A

STRONG AMMONIA

59
Q

in Chemical Method…

_____________ indicates INCOMPLETE DECALCIFICATION

A

CLOUDINESS

60
Q

in Chemical Method…

what indicates a COMPLETE DECALCIFICATION?

A

CLEAR

61
Q

5 TISSUE SOFTENERS

A
  1. PERENYI’S FLUID
  2. 4% PHENOL
  3. MOLLIFLEX
  4. 2% HCl
  5. 1% HCl in 70% ALCOHOL
62
Q

3 solutions used in ELECTRICAL IONIZATION

A
  1. 88% FORMIC ACID
  2. CONCENTRATED HCl
  3. DISTILLED WATER

PSALM GIRLS HISTOPATHOLOGY (9 decks)

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