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PSALM GIRLS HISTOPATHOLOGY > CLEARING & IMPREGNATION > Flashcards

CLEARING & IMPREGNATION Flashcards

1
Q

the process whereby ALCOHOL OR A DEHYDRATING AGENT IS REMOVED FROM THE TISSUE and replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated

A

CLEARING

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2
Q

Clearing is also known as…

A

DEALCOHOLIZATION

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3
Q

the word CLEARING is used because in addition to removing alcohol, many of these substances have the property of making tissues __________ and ____________

A

TRANSPARENT (or TRANSLUCENT), CLEAR

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4
Q

the Refractive Index (RI) of clearing agents is approximately ________ to that of the tissues

A

EQUAL (OR CLOSE)

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5
Q

IDEAL amount of clearing agent

A

10x

NOT LESS THAN 10x the vol of the tse

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6
Q

what 2 agents are used when the tissue is cleared DIRECTLY FROM WATER (frozen section)

A

GUM SYRUP & GLYCERIN

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7
Q

an EXCELLENT and TRUE CLEARING AGENT

A

XYLENE

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8
Q

the MOST RAPID CLEARING AGENT

A

XYLENE

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9
Q

clearing agent that can also be used with celloidin sections

A

XYLENE

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10
Q

when dehydration is not complete, xylene becomes _________ when the tissue or section is added to it

A

MILKY

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11
Q

clearing agent NOT RECOMMENDED for NERVOUS TISSUES and LYMPH NODES

A

XYLENE

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12
Q

SUBSTITUTE for xylene or benzene

A

TOLUENE

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13
Q

USUAL clearing time of Xylene

A

30 mins - 2 hours

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14
Q

Xylene clearing time for URGENT BIOPSIES

A

15-30 minutes

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15
Q

it is NOT CARCINOGENIC but highly concentrated emit fumes that are toxic upon prolonged exposure

A

TOLUENE

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16
Q

acts SLOWER THAN BENZENE and is EXPENSIVE

A

TOLUENE

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17
Q

rapid acting, RECOMMENDED FOR URGENT BIOPSIES and routine purposes

A

BENZENE

URGENT - BENZENE

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18
Q

clearing agent that is HIGHLY FLAMMABLE

A

BENZENE

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19
Q

clearing agent: CARCINOGENIC or may DAMAGE BONE MARROW

A

BENZENE

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20
Q

clearing agent that may cause APLASTIC ANEMIA

A

BENZENE

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21
Q

it is the BEST OF THE TRADITIONAL clearing agents for routine use

A

CHLOROFORM

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22
Q

clearing agent that gives the WIDEST LATITUDE

A

CHLOROFORM

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23
Q

recommended for TOUGH SKIN AND LARGE TISSUE SPECIMENS

A

CHLOROFORM 👺

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24
Q

BEST for NERVOUS TISSUE, LYMPH NODES, GRANULATION TISSUE, and FETAL AND OTHER DELICATE, HIGHLY CELLULAR SPX

A

CHLOROFORM

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25
Q

it does NOT MAKE tissues TRANSPARENT

A

CHLOROFORM

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26
Q

clearing agent toxic to the liver (HEPATOTOXIC) after prolonged inhalation

A

CHLOROFORM

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27
Q

clears BOTH PARAFFIN and CELLOIDIN SECTIONS

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

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28
Q

RECOMMENDED for CNS TISSUES and CYTOLOGICAL studies

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

CCC: CEDARWOOD, CNS, CYTOLOGICAL!!!

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29
Q

how many changes does Cedarwood Oil need in clearing solution?

A

2 CHANGES

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30
Q

clearing agent:

quality is NOT ALWAYS UNIFORM AND GOOD and is extremely slow

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

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31
Q

becomes MILKY ON PROLONGED STORAGE

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

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32
Q

RECOMMENDED for clearing EMBRYOS, INSECTS, and VERY DELICATE SPX

A

ANILINE OIL

clue: VERY DELICATE 🧚‍♀️

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33
Q

clearing agent:

removes aniline dyes and dissolves celloidin

A

CLOVE OIL

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34
Q

clearing agent:

its quality is NOT GUARANTEED due to its tendency to be ADULTERED

A

CLOVE OIL

35
Q

properties are VERY SIMILAR TO CHLOROFORM but it is cheaper; toxic on prolonged exposure

A

CARBONTETRACHLORIDE
(CCl4)

36
Q

DEHYDRATES and CLEARS at the same time since it is miscible in both water and paraffin

A

TETRAHYDROFURAN

37
Q

2 clearing agents: slow-acting clearing agents that can be used when DOUBLE-EMBEDDING TECHNIQUES are required

A
  1. METHYL BENZOATE
  2. METHYL SALICYLATE
38
Q

the process whereby the CLEARING AGENT IS COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM THE TISSUE and replaced by a medium

A

IMPREGNATION

39
Q

another term for Impregnation

A

INFILTRATION

40
Q

IDEAL VOLUME of impregnating agent

A

25x

NOT LESS THAN 25X the vol of the tse

41
Q

3 methods of IMPREGNATION used in Histology

A
  1. PARAFFIN WAX
  2. CELLOIDIN WAX
  3. GELATIN
42
Q

METHODS OF IMPREGNATION:

the SIMPLEST, MOST COMMON, and by far THE BEST FOR ROUTINE USE

A

PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

43
Q

MELTING POINT OF PARAFFIN WAX

A

54-58°C

44
Q

3 WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION (and EMBEDDING)

A
  1. MANUAL PROCESSING
  2. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
  3. VACUUM EMBEDDING
45
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

method that requires AT LEAST 4 CHANGES OF WAX with 15 MINUTES INTERVAL

A

MANUAL PROCESSING

46
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

How many changes of wax does the manual processing require?

A

4 changes

47
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine, thereby decreasing the time and labor

A

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

48
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

example of machine used in Automatic Processing

A

AUTOTECHNICON

49
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING involves what steps?

A
  1. FIXATION
  2. DEHYDRATION
  3. CLEARING
  4. INFILTRATION
50
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

impregnation under NEGATIVE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

A

VACUUM EMBEDDING

51
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

a vacuum of up to ________ mmHg is applied using a water or mechanical pump

A

760 mmHg

52
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

MOST RAPID wax impregnation; gives the FASTEST RESULT

A

VACUUM EMBEDDING

53
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

RECOMMENDED for URGENT BIOPSIES & DELICATE TISSUES such as lung, brain, connective tses, decalcified bones, eyes, spleen, and CNS

A

VACUUM EMBEDDING

54
Q

WAYS OF PARAFFIN WAX IMPREGNATION

Vacuum Embedding reduces how many percent of impregnation time?

A

25-75%

55
Q

3 SUBSTITUTES for Paraffin Wax

A
  1. PARAPLAST
  2. ESTER WAX
  3. WATER SOLUBLE WAXES
56
Q

SUBSTITUTES FOR PARAFFIN WAX

a mixture of highly purified PARAFFIN WAX and SYNTHETIC PLASTIC POLYMERS

A

PARAPLAST

57
Q

MELTING POINT of Paraplast

A

56-57°C

58
Q

a synthetic wax substitute to Paraplast; less brittle and less compressible than Paraplast

A

EMBEDDOL

59
Q

MELTING POINT of Embeddol

A

56-58°C

60
Q

a semisynthetic wax RECOMMENDED FOR EMBEDDING EYES

A

BIOLOID

61
Q

MELTING POINT of Ester Wax

A

46-48°C

62
Q

wax harder than paraffin; not soluble in water but SOLUBLE IN 95% ETHYL ALCOHOL and other clearing agents

A

ESTER WAX

“ETHYL-ESTER”

63
Q

these are mostly polyethylene glycols with melting points of 38-42°C or 45-56°C

A

WATER SOLUBLE WAXES

64
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

A

CARBOWAX

65
Q

at what temperature does Carbowax appear SOLID?

A

ROOM TEMPERATURE

66
Q

wax SOLUBLE IN WATER, hence DOES NOT REQUIRE DEHYDRATION AND CLEARING of the tse

A

CARBOWAX

67
Q

wax suitable for many ENZYME HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES

A

CARBOWAX

68
Q

PARAFFIN OVEN must be maintained at what temperature?

A

2-5°C ABOVE the MELTING POINT OF THE WAX

69
Q

When wax has been reused, some amount of water is inevitably mixed with it. To remove water, WAX MUST BE HEATED to what temperature?

A

100-105°C

70
Q

How many times is Paraffin Wax allowed to be used?

A

TWICE (2x)

71
Q

to remove grit & dirt BEFORE EMBEDDING, what must be done to the paraffin wax?

A

FILTERED

72
Q

purified form of NITROCELLULOSE soluble in many solvents

A

CELLOIDIN

73
Q

suitable for specimens containing LARGE CAVITIES or HOLLOW SPACES which tend to collapse; also for WHOLE EMBRYOS and WHOLE ORGANS LIKE EYES

A

CELLOIDIN IMPREGNATION

74
Q

2 METHODS FOR CELLOIDIN

A
  1. WET CELLOIDIN METHOD
  2. DRY CELLOIDIN METHOD
75
Q

METHOD FOR CELLOIDIN

RECOMMENDED for BONES, TEETH, LARGE BRAIN SECTIONS, and WHOLE ORGANS

A

WET CELLOIDIN METHOD

76
Q

METHOD FOR CELLOIDIN

in Wet Celloidin Method, tissues must be CUT WET where both the knife and tissue block are kept moist with what reagent while cutting?

A

70% ALCOHOL

77
Q

METHOD FOR CELLOIDIN

PREFERRED for processing of WHOLE EYE SECTIONS

A

DRY CELLOIDIN METHOD

DRY - EYE

78
Q

material embedded with the dry method can be cut WITHOUT ALCOHOL due to the presence of what reagent in the block?

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

79
Q

GILSON’S MIXTURE COMPOSITION

A

EQUAL PARTS OF CHLOROFORM & CEDARWOOD OIL (1:1)

80
Q

another form of celloidin soluble in EQUAL CONCENTRATION of ETHER and ALCOHOL

A

LOW VISCOSITY NITROCELLULOSE

81
Q

Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose (LVN) is made of equal concentration of what 2 reagents?

A

ETHER and ALCOHOL

82
Q

method of impregnation used when DEHYDRATION IS TO BE AVOIDED

A

GELATIN IMPREGNATION

83
Q

impregnation method used when tissues are to be subjected to HISTOCHEMICAL AND ENZYME STUDIES

A

GELATIN IMPREGNATION

84
Q

impregnation method that DOES NOT REQUIRE DEHYDRATION AND CLEARING

A

GELATIN IMPREGNATION

PSALM GIRLS HISTOPATHOLOGY (9 decks)

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