Final Vocab

Question 1

the total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism

Answer 1

genome

Question 2

the portion of amino acids not included in the backbone of a protein

Answer 2

side chain

Question 3

the linkage of two atoms together to form a compound or molecule

Answer 3

chemical bond

Question 4

the ion created by the attachment of a proton to water

Answer 4

hydronium

Question 5

the change in free energy during a chemical reaction

Answer 5

Delta G

Question 6

the breaking of a covalent bond by the addition of water

Answer 6

Hydrolysis

Question 7

small organic molecules that carry energy for a short period of time

Answer 7

activated carrier

Question 8

single-celled eukaryotic organisms including paramecium, amoeba, and many others

Answer 8

protozoa

Question 9

molecules that have regions of partial positive and negative charges

Answer 9

polar

Question 10

a protein that uses the energy of ATP to move along a substrate

Answer 10

motor protein

Question 11

the unconnected pieces of new DNA produced on the lagging strand during replication

Answer 11

Okazaki fragments

Question 12

the transfer of information from an RNA molecule into a polypeptide, involving a change of language from nucleic acids to amino acids

Answer 12

translation

Question 13

the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA strand that directs the synthesis of the new DNA strand

Answer 13

template

Question 14

the genetic material formed of DNA and protein and observed between periods of cell division in eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

chromatin

Question 15

small proteins with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that bind to the negatively charged DNA and play a key role in its folding into chromatin

Answer 15

histone proteins

Question 16

control of gene expression using sets of transcription factors

Answer 16

combinatorial control

Question 17

an enzyme that is found in the telomeres of chromosomes in cells and that preserves the length of telomeres across cell division

Answer 17

telomerase

Question 18

a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

Answer 18

anti-codon

Question 19

a heritable change in the DNA of ones that ultimately creates genetic diversity

Answer 19

mutation

Question 20

a bacterial protein that suppresses the expression of operon genes

Answer 20

repressor

Question 21

transport of two different molecules at the same time

Answer 21

coupled transport

Question 22

the ability of certain membranes to harness the enemy stored in the H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis

Answer 22

chemiosmotic coupling

Question 23

production of ATP inside the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen

Answer 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

one of the substrates for ATP synthase

Answer 24

ADP + Pi

Question 25

metabolic process in the cell's cytoplasm where 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

Answer 25

glycolysis

Question 26

amphipathic molecule used to solubilize hydrophobic molecules

Answer 26

detergent

Question 27

about the same energy content as ATP but with Guanosine

Answer 27

GTP

Question 28

a typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells

Answer 28

axon

Question 29

a chemical messengers released from a neuron at ac chemical synapse that stimulates the postsynaptic cell

Answer 29

neurotransmitter

Question 30

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes

Answer 30

cholesterol

Question 31

a chemical signal, such as calcium ions or cyclic AMP, that relays a hormonal message from a cell's surface to its interior

Answer 31

2nd messenger

Question 32

a family of membrane proteins that aid in vesicle fusion

Answer 32

snares

Question 33

a hollow rod of tubular protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton

Answer 33

microtubule

Question 34

a small, ring-shaped molecule that acts as an intracellular second messenger

Answer 34

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 35

a stretch of amino acids on polypeptides that rages proteins to specific destinations in eukaryotic cells

Answer 35

signal sequence

Question 36

a three-dimensional network of microtubules and filaments that provides internal support for the cells

Answer 36

cytoskeleton

Question 37

chemical signals that travel very short distances

Answer 37

local mediator

Question 38

intermediate filament structure that fives the nucleus shape and support

Answer 38

nuclear lamina

Question 39

one of many types of circulating chemical signals that travel in body fluids, and coordinate cell function

Answer 39

hormone

Question 40

one of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis

Answer 40

centrioles