Final Vocab Flashcards
the total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism
genome
the portion of amino acids not included in the backbone of a protein
side chain
the linkage of two atoms together to form a compound or molecule
chemical bond
the ion created by the attachment of a proton to water
hydronium
the change in free energy during a chemical reaction
Delta G
the breaking of a covalent bond by the addition of water
Hydrolysis
small organic molecules that carry energy for a short period of time
activated carrier
single-celled eukaryotic organisms including paramecium, amoeba, and many others
protozoa
molecules that have regions of partial positive and negative charges
polar
a protein that uses the energy of ATP to move along a substrate
motor protein
the unconnected pieces of new DNA produced on the lagging strand during replication
Okazaki fragments
the transfer of information from an RNA molecule into a polypeptide, involving a change of language from nucleic acids to amino acids
translation
the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA strand that directs the synthesis of the new DNA strand
template
the genetic material formed of DNA and protein and observed between periods of cell division in eukaryotic cells
chromatin
small proteins with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that bind to the negatively charged DNA and play a key role in its folding into chromatin
histone proteins
control of gene expression using sets of transcription factors
combinatorial control
an enzyme that is found in the telomeres of chromosomes in cells and that preserves the length of telomeres across cell division
telomerase
a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
anti-codon
a heritable change in the DNA of ones that ultimately creates genetic diversity
mutation
a bacterial protein that suppresses the expression of operon genes
repressor
transport of two different molecules at the same time
coupled transport
the ability of certain membranes to harness the enemy stored in the H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis
chemiosmotic coupling
production of ATP inside the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen
oxidative phosphorylation
one of the substrates for ATP synthase
ADP + Pi
metabolic process in the cell’s cytoplasm where 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
glycolysis
amphipathic molecule used to solubilize hydrophobic molecules
detergent
about the same energy content as ATP but with Guanosine
GTP
a typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells
axon
a chemical messengers released from a neuron at ac chemical synapse that stimulates the postsynaptic cell
neurotransmitter
a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes
cholesterol
a chemical signal, such as calcium ions or cyclic AMP, that relays a hormonal message from a cell’s surface to its interior
2nd messenger
a family of membrane proteins that aid in vesicle fusion
snares
a hollow rod of tubular protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton
microtubule
a small, ring-shaped molecule that acts as an intracellular second messenger
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
a stretch of amino acids on polypeptides that rages proteins to specific destinations in eukaryotic cells
signal sequence
a three-dimensional network of microtubules and filaments that provides internal support for the cells
cytoskeleton
chemical signals that travel very short distances
local mediator
intermediate filament structure that fives the nucleus shape and support
nuclear lamina
one of many types of circulating chemical signals that travel in body fluids, and coordinate cell function
hormone
one of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
centrioles
