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BIOL 2020: Cell Biology > Final Vocab > Flashcards

Final Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism

A

genome

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2
Q

the portion of amino acids not included in the backbone of a protein

A

side chain

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3
Q

the linkage of two atoms together to form a compound or molecule

A

chemical bond

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4
Q

the ion created by the attachment of a proton to water

A

hydronium

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5
Q

the change in free energy during a chemical reaction

A

Delta G

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6
Q

the breaking of a covalent bond by the addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

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7
Q

small organic molecules that carry energy for a short period of time

A

activated carrier

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8
Q

single-celled eukaryotic organisms including paramecium, amoeba, and many others

A

protozoa

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9
Q

molecules that have regions of partial positive and negative charges

A

polar

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10
Q

a protein that uses the energy of ATP to move along a substrate

A

motor protein

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11
Q

the unconnected pieces of new DNA produced on the lagging strand during replication

A

Okazaki fragments

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12
Q

the transfer of information from an RNA molecule into a polypeptide, involving a change of language from nucleic acids to amino acids

A

translation

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13
Q

the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA strand that directs the synthesis of the new DNA strand

A

template

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14
Q

the genetic material formed of DNA and protein and observed between periods of cell division in eukaryotic cells

A

chromatin

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15
Q

small proteins with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that bind to the negatively charged DNA and play a key role in its folding into chromatin

A

histone proteins

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16
Q

control of gene expression using sets of transcription factors

A

combinatorial control

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17
Q

an enzyme that is found in the telomeres of chromosomes in cells and that preserves the length of telomeres across cell division

A

telomerase

18
Q

a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

A

anti-codon

19
Q

a heritable change in the DNA of ones that ultimately creates genetic diversity

A

mutation

20
Q

a bacterial protein that suppresses the expression of operon genes

A

repressor

21
Q

transport of two different molecules at the same time

A

coupled transport

22
Q

the ability of certain membranes to harness the enemy stored in the H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis

A

chemiosmotic coupling

23
Q

production of ATP inside the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen

A

oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

one of the substrates for ATP synthase

A

ADP + Pi

25
Q

metabolic process in the cell’s cytoplasm where 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

A

glycolysis

26
Q

amphipathic molecule used to solubilize hydrophobic molecules

A

detergent

27
Q

about the same energy content as ATP but with Guanosine

A

GTP

28
Q

a typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells

A

axon

29
Q

a chemical messengers released from a neuron at ac chemical synapse that stimulates the postsynaptic cell

A

neurotransmitter

30
Q

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

31
Q

a chemical signal, such as calcium ions or cyclic AMP, that relays a hormonal message from a cell’s surface to its interior

A

2nd messenger

32
Q

a family of membrane proteins that aid in vesicle fusion

A

snares

33
Q

a hollow rod of tubular protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton

A

microtubule

34
Q

a small, ring-shaped molecule that acts as an intracellular second messenger

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

35
Q

a stretch of amino acids on polypeptides that rages proteins to specific destinations in eukaryotic cells

A

signal sequence

36
Q

a three-dimensional network of microtubules and filaments that provides internal support for the cells

A

cytoskeleton

37
Q

chemical signals that travel very short distances

A

local mediator

38
Q

intermediate filament structure that fives the nucleus shape and support

A

nuclear lamina

39
Q

one of many types of circulating chemical signals that travel in body fluids, and coordinate cell function

A

hormone

40
Q

one of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis

A

centrioles

BIOL 2020: Cell Biology (19 decks)

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