Chapter 2 Vocab

Question 1

a molecule that has a carboxylic acid attached to a hydrocarbon tail

Answer 1

fatty acid

Question 2

the linkage of two atoms together to form a compound or molecule

Answer 2

chemical bond

Question 3

the ion created by the attachment of a proton to water

Answer 3

hydronium ion

Question 4

deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid composed of two polypeptides

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Answer 5

molecule

Question 6

a very large molecule composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms

Answer 6

macromolecule

Question 7

having a strong affinity for water

Answer 7

hydrophilic

Question 8

the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Answer 8

conformation

Question 9

the smallest indivisible particle of matter than can have an independent existence

Answer 9

atom

Question 10

adenosine triphosphate; a common molecule in which energy is stored in living systems

Answer 10

ATP

Question 11

the number of electrons an atom must gain or lose in order to fill up its outer orbital

Answer 11

valence

Question 12

a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

Answer 12

pH scale

Question 13

a chemical bond in which atoms or molecules of opposite charges are held together by electrostatic attraction

Answer 13

ionic bond

Question 14

the sum of the weights of an atom’s protons and neutrons

Answer 14

atomic weight

Question 15

a substance that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Answer 15

base

Question 16

a set of attached atoms that occur together and have specific chemical properties

Answer 16

chemical groups (functional groups)

Question 17

the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule (in Daltons or AMU)

Answer 17

molecular weight

Question 18

the sharing of electrons between two atoms in a molecule

Answer 18

covalent bond

Question 19

molecules that have regions of partial positive and negative charges

Answer 19

polar

Question 20

a molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer

Answer 20

monomer

Question 21

a weak bond between two atoms with partial but opposite electrical charge (H-N; H-O; H-F)

Answer 21

hydrogen bond

Question 22

a substance that increases the number of hydrogen ions in a solution

Answer 22

acid

Question 23

an atom that has lost or gained electrons from its outer shell and therefore has a positive or negative charge

Answer 23

ion

Question 24

the formation of a new covalent bond by removal of water

Answer 24

condensation/dehydration

Question 25

ribonucleic acid; the nucleic acid containing ribose sugar and the base Uracil that functions in protein synthesis

Answer 25

RNA

Question 26

the linear order of subunits in a polymer

Answer 26

sequence

Question 27

polymers made up of amino acids that perform a wide variety of cellular functions

Answer 27

proteins

Question 28

the subunits (monomers) from which proteins (polymers) are assembled

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

a small organic molecule in which the number of carbon atoms equals the number of waters (carbohydrate)

Answer 29

sugar

Question 30

molecule made of smaller, similar molecules (called monomers) linked together

Answer 30

polymer

Question 31

a chemical group or molecule that forms part of a larger structure

Answer 31

subunit

Question 32

a subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom that carries a positive charge

Answer 32

proton

Question 33

repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water

Answer 33

hydrophobic

Question 34

the subunit of nucleic acids; composed of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

Answer 34

nucleotide

Question 35

the breaking of a covalent bond by addition of water

Answer 35

hydrolysis

Question 36

a subatomic particle with a negative charge

Answer 36

electron