final review part 3 ch5-7

Question 1

what are the types of Squamous epithelia

Answer 1

Simple squamous epithelia- Absorption and diffusion

Stratified squamous epithelia- Protect against mechanical stresses
Keratin adds strength and water resistance

Question 2

what are the types of Cuboidal epithelia

Answer 2

Simple cuboidal epithelia- Secretion and absorption
Glands and portions of kidney tubules

Stratified cuboidal epithelia- Relatively rare
Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

Question 3

what are the types of Columnar epithelia

Answer 3

Simple columnar epithelia
Absorption and secretion
Found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Typically have cilia
Found in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Stratified columnar epithelia
Relatively rare
Provide protection in pharynx, anus, urethra

Question 4

what is Transitional epithelia

Answer 4

Tolerate repeated cycles of stretching without damage
Appearance changes as stretching occurs
Found in urinary bladder

Question 5

compare and contrast endocrine glands

Answer 5

Endocrine glands
Release hormones that enter bloodstream
No ducts

Exocrine glands
Produce exocrine secretions
Discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

Question 6

what is the function of the connective tissues

Answer 6

Establishing a structural framework for the body

Transporting fluids and dissolved materials

Protecting delicate organs

Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue

Storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides

Defending the body from invading microorganisms

Question 7

what are the 3 types of connetive tissues

Answer 7

​​Connective tissue proper
Connect and protect

​Fluid connective tissues
Transport
​
Supporting connective tissues
Structural strength

Question 8

what is reticular fibers

Answer 8

Form a network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
Strong and flexible
Resist forces in many directions
Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
Example: sheaths around organs

Question 9

what is areolar tissues

Answer 9

Least specialized
Open framework
Viscous ground substance
Elastic fibers
Holds capillary beds
Example: under skin (subcutaneous layer)

Question 10

what is the adipose tissues

Answer 10

Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)
Adipocytes in adults do not divide
Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate

Question 11

what is dense regular tissues

Answer 11

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

Tendons attach muscles to bones

Ligaments connect one bone to another and stabilize organs

Aponeuroses are tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure

Question 12

what is irregular connective tissues

Answer 12

Interwoven network of collagen fibers

Provides strength to dermis

Forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum)

Forms capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys, and spleen)

Question 13

the function of blood

Answer 13

Contains a watery matrix called plasma
Contains cells and cell fragments, collectively

known as formed elements
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets

Question 14

the function of cartilage

Answer 14

Provides shock absorption and protection
Matrix is a firm gel
Cells in the matrix are chondrocytes

Question 15

name the functions of the bones parts

Answer 15

For weight support

Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts)
Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)

Osteocytes (bone cells) lie in lacunae
Arranged around central canals within matrix

Periosteum covers bone
Fibrous (outer) and cellular (inner) layers

Question 16

compare and contrast the skeletal muscles, cardiac, and smooth

Answer 16

Skeletal muscle
Large muscles responsible for body movement

Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart

Smooth muscle
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs

Question 17

what are the structures and function of each of the serous membrane

Answer 17

​Peritoneum
Lines peritoneal cavity
Covers abdominal organs

​Pleura
Lines pleural cavities
Covers lungs
​
Pericardium
Lines pericardial cavity
Covers heart

Question 18

what are the components and functions of the integumentary system

Answer 18

Protection of underlying tissues and organs

Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes

Maintenance of normal body temperature

Production of melanin

Production of keratin

Synthesis of vitamin D3

Storage of lipids

Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc.

Coordination of the immune response

Question 19

the structure, function, and growth of epidermis

Answer 19

Stratified squamous epithelium
Avascular, like all epithelia
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

Functions of EGF
Promotes division of basal cells
Accelerates keratin production
Stimulates epidermal repair
Stimulates glandular secretion

Question 20

the structure, function, and growth of dermis

Answer 20

Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer

Anchors epidermal accessory structures (e.g., hair follicles and sweat glands)

Two components
Outer papillary layer
Deeper reticular layer

Question 21

explain the differences of skin color

Answer 21

Skin color is influenced by two pigments in the epidermis

Melanin
Carotene

Question 22

compare and contrast the sebaceous and sweat glands

Answer 22

Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Holocrine glands
Discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
Lubricates and protects hair shaft
Inhibits growth of bacteria

Sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands

Question 23

describe the temperature regulating mechanism of the skin

Answer 23

Thermoregulation
The main function of sensible perspiration
Eccrine sweat glands work with cardiovascular system to regulate body temperature

Question 24

the epiphysis of the bone

Answer 24

Mostly spongy bone (trabecular bone)

Question 25

the metaphysis of the bone

Answer 25

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Question 26

the diaphysis of the bone

Answer 26

(shaft)
Wall of compact bone
Central space called medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

Question 27

the bone marrow cavity

Answer 27

Red bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae
Forms blood cells
Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion

Yellow bone marrow
Found in other sites of spongy bone
Stores fat

Question 28

the periosteum of the bone

Answer 28

Periosteum—membrane that covers outside of bones
Except within joint cavities
Outer, fibrous layer and inner, cellular layer

Fibers are interwoven with those of tendons

Perforating fibers—fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue
Increase strength of attachments

Question 29

the endosteum of the bone

Answer 29

incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity

Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling

Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines central canals of compact bone
Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells

Question 30

compare and contrast the spongy and compact bone

Answer 30

Spongy bone formation
Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

Compact bone formation
Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal

Question 31

what is osteon

Answer 31

functional unit of compact bone

Question 32

what is lamellae

Answer 32

layers of bone matrix
Concentric lamellae surround central canal

Interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons

Circumferential lamellae are at outer and inner bone surfaces

Question 33

what is the central canals

Answer 33

contains blood vessel(s)

Question 34

what is the perforating canals

Answer 34

Perpendicular to surface of bone
Carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow

Question 35

Spongy bone lacks osteons
Matrix forms an open network of

Answer 35

trabeculae

Question 36

what are the role of ostengic cells

Answer 36

osteoprogenitor cells)
Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
Located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum
Assist in fracture repair

Question 37

the role of osteoblasts

Answer 37

Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis (ossification)
Osteoid—matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet become calcified
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes

Question 38

the role of osteocytes

Answer 38

Mature bone cells that do not divide
Live in lacunae between layers of matrix
Have cytoplasmic extensions that pass through canaliculi

Two major functions
Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
Help repair damaged bone

Question 39

the role of osteoclasts

Answer 39

Absorb and remove bone matrix
Large, multinucleate cells
Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals

This osteolysis is important in homeostasis
Derived from the same stem cells that produce monocytes and macrophages

Question 40

compare and contrast the ossification process

Answer 40

Intramembranous ossification
Also called dermal ossification
Because it occurs in the dermis
Produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicles (collarbones)

endchondral ossification
How most bones form
Primary ossification center develops inside hyaline cartilage
Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone

Question 41

explain the process of stress to bone?

Aging?

exercise? what type of cycling helps bones to adapt? due to stress what do bones become?
what type of exercise? and what do they stimulate?

osteoporosis the defn?, what age starts in? what percent between women and men?

Answer 41

in aging is called Osteopenia—inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)

Effects of exercise on bone
Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress

Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger

Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise, stimulates osteoblasts

Osteoporosis—severe loss of bone mass
Compromises normal function
Over age 45, occurs in
29 percent of women
18 percent of men

Question 42

the frontal bone what are the general functions? what types of sinuses contain

what are joints?

Answer 42

General functions
Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets
Contains frontal sinuses

Joints
Parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones

Question 43

what is the suture in the frontal bone,
what does it connect?

what is foramen called in the frontal bone, what blood vessels for?

Answer 43

Coronal suture
Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones

Supra-orbital foramen
For blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses

Question 44

the parental bone what is the function like what does it form?

what are the joints where do they join?

Answer 44

General functions
Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

Joints
With each other and with occipital, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones

Question 45

the partial sutures what are they called,

which is from lambdoid to coronal?

which joins with temporal?

Answer 45

Sagittal suture
Between parietal bones
From lambdoid suture to coronal suture

Squamous sutures
Join temporal bones with parietal bones

Question 46

the occipital bone what it function, forms with what?

what joints does it joins?

Answer 46

General functions
Forms much of posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium

Joints
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
First cervical vertebra (atlas)

Question 47

the occipital condyles what does it articulate with? what is the attachment sites of?

what does the foramen magnum connect with?

what is suture called and what does it separates, and what does it contain?

Answer 47

Occipital condyles - articulate with first vertebra Inferior and superior nuchal lines are attachment sites of muscles and ligaments

Foramen magnum -connects cranial cavity with vertebral canal

Lambdoid suture
Separates occipital from parietal bones
May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones)

Question 49

temporal bone what does it form? what are the arches called?,
what do they articulate with?
what do they surrond and protect?
what do they attach?

what are the joints?

Answer 49

General functions

Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
Articulate with mandible
Surround and protect internal ear
Attach muscles of jaws and head

Joints
Zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones, and mandible

Question 50

temporal
mastoid process contain what?

the zygomatic process is inferior to what? articulates with? what do they form?

styloid process

the styloid process attaches what and of what parts?

the formina ends at tympanic membrane?

the carotid canal has what artery?

Answer 50

Mastoid process
For muscle attachment
Contains mastoid cells that connect to middle ear cavity

Zygomatic process
Inferior to the squamous part
Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone
Together, these processes form zygomatic arch

Styloid process
Attaches tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue, and pharynx

External acoustic meatus ends at tympanic membrane

Carotid canal for internal carotid artery

Question 51

the sphenoid bone forms part of?
unties what?
what does it contain?

the joints

Answer 51

General functions
Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites cranial and facial bones
Contains sphenoidal sinuses

Joints
Ethmoid and frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, and vomer

Question 52

the sella turcica where is located?

the hypophyseal fossa a depression where? and hold what gland?

greater wings extend where?, form what parts? where does the sphenoidal spines lies?

the sphenoidal sinuses is where located?

Answer 52

Sella turcica
Saddle-shaped enclosure
On superior surface of the body

Hypophyseal fossa
A depression within the sella turcica
Holds the pituitary gland

Greater wings
Extend laterally from the body
Form parts of cranial floor and posterior wall orbit
Sphenoidal spine lies at corner of each wing

Sphenoidal sinuses
On either side of the body
Inferior to the sella turcica

Question 53

the ethmoid bone forms what ? where is located? what is is part of ?

what type of cells does ti contain ?

the joints of the ethmoid?

Answer 53

General functions
Forms

Anteromedial floor of the cranium
Roof of the nasal cavity
Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall

Contains ethmoidal cells (network of sinuses)

Joints
Frontal bone, sphenoid, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer

Question 54

the cribriform plate forms what roof and floor of what structures? what does it contain ?

what the part that forms part of nasal septum?

Answer 54

Cribriform plate
Forms roof of nasal cavity and floor of cranium (part)
Contains crista galli to attach falx cerebri

Perpendicular plate
Forms part of nasal septum

Question 55

name the features of the cervical
c1 to c?

Answer 55

C1 to C7
Small body (support only head)
Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)
Concave superior surface
Anterior edge is inferior to posterior edge

Question 56

the Atlas c1 articulates with what?

has no what?

what are the arches?

Answer 56

The atlas (C1)
Articulates with occipital condyles of skull

Has no body or spinous process

Has a large, round vertebral foramen within anterior and posterior arches

Question 57

the axis what does it attach to what?
the bodies of axis and Atlas do what during development?

Answer 57

The axis (C2)
Articulates with the atlas

Has heavy spinous process to attach muscles of head and neck

Bodies of axis and atlas fuse during development to form the dens

Question 58

the thoracic has type shape?
type of spinous process?
articutles with?

Answer 58

Have heart-shaped bodies
Larger bodies and relatively smaller vertebral foramina than those in cervical vertebrae
Long, slender spinous process
Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets
Articulate with heads of ribs

Question 59

the lumbar

Answer 59

Largest vertebrae
Thick, oval-shaped bodies
No costal facets or transverse costal facets
Triangular vertebral foramen
Superior articular processes face medially
Inferior articular processes face laterally
Slender transverse processes project dorsolaterally
Massive spinous processes

Question 60

the sacrum difference between males and females?

protects what?

attach to what?

Answer 60

Curved, more so in males than in females
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

Attaches
Axial skeleton to pelvic girdle
Broad muscles that move the thigh

Question 61

the coccyx consists of what?

attaches to what?

Answer 61

Mature coccyx
Consists of three to five fused coccygeal vertebrae

Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus

First two coccygeal vertebrae have transverse processes
And unfused vertebral arches

Coccygeal cornu
Prominent lamina of first coccygeal vertebra

Question 62

the ribs what types

Answer 62

true is Ribs 1–7 are true ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
Connected to sternum by costal cartilages

Ribs 8–12 are false ribs
Do not attach directly to sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
Costal cartilages fuse together
Merge with cartilages of rib pair 7 before reaching sternum

Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12)
Have no connection with the sternum
Connect only to vertebrae and muscles of body wall

Question 63

sternum what are the 3 parts and where is located?

Answer 63

Sternum (breastbone)
A flat bone in anterior midline of thoracic wall
Three parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 64

manbrium

Answer 64

Superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape
Articulates with clavicles (collarbones)
Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair
Has a jugular notch, a shallow indentation between clavicular articulations

Question 65

sternal body

Answer 65

Tongue-shaped
Attaches to manubrium
Attaches to costal cartilages of rib pairs 2–7

Question 66

xyphoid process

Answer 66

Smallest part of the sternum
Attaches to sternal body
Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles