final review part 3 ch5-7 Flashcards
what are the types of Squamous epithelia
Simple squamous epithelia- Absorption and diffusion
Stratified squamous epithelia- Protect against mechanical stresses
Keratin adds strength and water resistance
what are the types of Cuboidal epithelia
Simple cuboidal epithelia- Secretion and absorption
Glands and portions of kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal epithelia- Relatively rare
Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
what are the types of Columnar epithelia
Simple columnar epithelia
Absorption and secretion
Found in stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Typically have cilia
Found in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
Stratified columnar epithelia
Relatively rare
Provide protection in pharynx, anus, urethra
what is Transitional epithelia
Tolerate repeated cycles of stretching without damage
Appearance changes as stretching occurs
Found in urinary bladder
compare and contrast endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Release hormones that enter bloodstream
No ducts
Exocrine glands
Produce exocrine secretions
Discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces
what is the function of the connective tissues
Establishing a structural framework for the body
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
Storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
Defending the body from invading microorganisms
what are the 3 types of connetive tissues
Connective tissue proper
Connect and protect
Fluid connective tissues
Transport
Supporting connective tissues
Structural strength
what is reticular fibers
Form a network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
Strong and flexible
Resist forces in many directions
Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
Example: sheaths around organs
what is areolar tissues
Least specialized
Open framework
Viscous ground substance
Elastic fibers
Holds capillary beds
Example: under skin (subcutaneous layer)
what is the adipose tissues
Contains many adipocytes (fat cells)
Adipocytes in adults do not divide
Mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate
what is dense regular tissues
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers
Tendons attach muscles to bones
Ligaments connect one bone to another and stabilize organs
Aponeuroses are tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure
what is irregular connective tissues
Interwoven network of collagen fibers
Provides strength to dermis
Forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum)
Forms capsules around some organs (e.g., liver, kidneys, and spleen)
the function of blood
Contains a watery matrix called plasma
Contains cells and cell fragments, collectively
known as formed elements
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets
the function of cartilage
Provides shock absorption and protection
Matrix is a firm gel
Cells in the matrix are chondrocytes
name the functions of the bones parts
For weight support
Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts)
Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)
Osteocytes (bone cells) lie in lacunae
Arranged around central canals within matrix
Periosteum covers bone
Fibrous (outer) and cellular (inner) layers
compare and contrast the skeletal muscles, cardiac, and smooth
Skeletal muscle
Large muscles responsible for body movement
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Smooth muscle
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs
what are the structures and function of each of the serous membrane
Peritoneum
Lines peritoneal cavity
Covers abdominal organs
Pleura
Lines pleural cavities
Covers lungs
Pericardium
Lines pericardial cavity
Covers heart
what are the components and functions of the integumentary system
Protection of underlying tissues and organs
Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
Maintenance of normal body temperature
Production of melanin
Production of keratin
Synthesis of vitamin D3
Storage of lipids
Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc.
Coordination of the immune response
the structure, function, and growth of epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
Avascular, like all epithelia
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
Functions of EGF
Promotes division of basal cells
Accelerates keratin production
Stimulates epidermal repair
Stimulates glandular secretion
the structure, function, and growth of dermis
Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
Anchors epidermal accessory structures (e.g., hair follicles and sweat glands)
Two components
Outer papillary layer
Deeper reticular layer
explain the differences of skin color
Skin color is influenced by two pigments in the epidermis
Melanin
Carotene
compare and contrast the sebaceous and sweat glands
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Holocrine glands
Discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
Lubricates and protects hair shaft
Inhibits growth of bacteria
Sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands
describe the temperature regulating mechanism of the skin
Thermoregulation
The main function of sensible perspiration
Eccrine sweat glands work with cardiovascular system to regulate body temperature
the epiphysis of the bone
Mostly spongy bone (trabecular bone)
the metaphysis of the bone
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
the diaphysis of the bone
(shaft)
Wall of compact bone
Central space called medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
the bone marrow cavity
Red bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae
Forms blood cells
Contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion
Yellow bone marrow
Found in other sites of spongy bone
Stores fat
the periosteum of the bone
Periosteum—membrane that covers outside of bones
Except within joint cavities
Outer, fibrous layer and inner, cellular layer
Fibers are interwoven with those of tendons
Perforating fibers—fibers that become incorporated into bone tissue
Increase strength of attachments
the endosteum of the bone
incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity
Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines central canals of compact bone
Consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells
compare and contrast the spongy and compact bone
Spongy bone formation
Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
Compact bone formation
Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal
what is osteon
functional unit of compact bone
what is lamellae
layers of bone matrix
Concentric lamellae surround central canal
Interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons
Circumferential lamellae are at outer and inner bone surfaces
what is the central canals
contains blood vessel(s)
what is the perforating canals
Perpendicular to surface of bone
Carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow
Spongy bone lacks osteons
Matrix forms an open network of
trabeculae
what are the role of ostengic cells
osteoprogenitor cells)
Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
Located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum
Assist in fracture repair
the role of osteoblasts
Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis (ossification)
Osteoid—matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet become calcified
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes
the role of osteocytes
Mature bone cells that do not divide
Live in lacunae between layers of matrix
Have cytoplasmic extensions that pass through canaliculi
Two major functions
Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
Help repair damaged bone
the role of osteoclasts
Absorb and remove bone matrix
Large, multinucleate cells
Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
This osteolysis is important in homeostasis
Derived from the same stem cells that produce monocytes and macrophages
compare and contrast the ossification process
Intramembranous ossification
Also called dermal ossification
Because it occurs in the dermis
Produces dermal bones such as mandible (lower jaw) and clavicles (collarbones)
endchondral ossification
How most bones form
Primary ossification center develops inside hyaline cartilage
Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
explain the process of stress to bone?
Aging?
exercise? what type of cycling helps bones to adapt? due to stress what do bones become?
what type of exercise? and what do they stimulate?
osteoporosis the defn?, what age starts in? what percent between women and men?
in aging is called Osteopenia—inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)
Effects of exercise on bone
Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress
Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger
Exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise, stimulates osteoblasts
Osteoporosis—severe loss of bone mass
Compromises normal function
Over age 45, occurs in
29 percent of women
18 percent of men
the frontal bone what are the general functions? what types of sinuses contain
what are joints?
General functions
Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets
Contains frontal sinuses
Joints
Parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones
what is the suture in the frontal bone,
what does it connect?
what is foramen called in the frontal bone, what blood vessels for?
Coronal suture
Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones
Supra-orbital foramen
For blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses
the parental bone what is the function like what does it form?
what are the joints where do they join?
General functions
Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium
Joints
With each other and with occipital, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones
the partial sutures what are they called,
which is from lambdoid to coronal?
which joins with temporal?
Sagittal suture
Between parietal bones
From lambdoid suture to coronal suture
Squamous sutures
Join temporal bones with parietal bones
the occipital bone what it function, forms with what?
what joints does it joins?
General functions
Forms much of posterior and inferior surfaces of cranium
Joints
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
Sphenoid
First cervical vertebra (atlas)
the occipital condyles what does it articulate with? what is the attachment sites of?
what does the foramen magnum connect with?
what is suture called and what does it separates, and what does it contain?
Occipital condyles - articulate with first vertebra Inferior and superior nuchal lines are attachment sites of muscles and ligaments
Foramen magnum -connects cranial cavity with vertebral canal
Lambdoid suture
Separates occipital from parietal bones
May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones)
temporal bone what does it form? what are the arches called?,
what do they articulate with?
what do they surrond and protect?
what do they attach?
what are the joints?
General functions
Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches
Articulate with mandible
Surround and protect internal ear
Attach muscles of jaws and head
Joints
Zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones, and mandible
temporal
mastoid process contain what?
the zygomatic process is inferior to what? articulates with? what do they form?
styloid process
the styloid process attaches what and of what parts?
the formina ends at tympanic membrane?
the carotid canal has what artery?
Mastoid process
For muscle attachment
Contains mastoid cells that connect to middle ear cavity
Zygomatic process
Inferior to the squamous part
Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone
Together, these processes form zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Attaches tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue, and pharynx
External acoustic meatus ends at tympanic membrane
Carotid canal for internal carotid artery
the sphenoid bone forms part of?
unties what?
what does it contain?
the joints
General functions
Forms part of the floor of the cranium
Unites cranial and facial bones
Contains sphenoidal sinuses
Joints
Ethmoid and frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, and vomer
the sella turcica where is located?
the hypophyseal fossa a depression where? and hold what gland?
greater wings extend where?, form what parts? where does the sphenoidal spines lies?
the sphenoidal sinuses is where located?
Sella turcica
Saddle-shaped enclosure
On superior surface of the body
Hypophyseal fossa
A depression within the sella turcica
Holds the pituitary gland
Greater wings
Extend laterally from the body
Form parts of cranial floor and posterior wall orbit
Sphenoidal spine lies at corner of each wing
Sphenoidal sinuses
On either side of the body
Inferior to the sella turcica
the ethmoid bone forms what ? where is located? what is is part of ?
what type of cells does ti contain ?
the joints of the ethmoid?
General functions
Forms
Anteromedial floor of the cranium
Roof of the nasal cavity
Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall
Contains ethmoidal cells (network of sinuses)
Joints
Frontal bone, sphenoid, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer
the cribriform plate forms what roof and floor of what structures? what does it contain ?
what the part that forms part of nasal septum?
Cribriform plate
Forms roof of nasal cavity and floor of cranium (part)
Contains crista galli to attach falx cerebri
Perpendicular plate
Forms part of nasal septum
name the features of the cervical
c1 to c?
C1 to C7
Small body (support only head)
Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)
Concave superior surface
Anterior edge is inferior to posterior edge
the Atlas c1 articulates with what?
has no what?
what are the arches?
The atlas (C1)
Articulates with occipital condyles of skull
Has no body or spinous process
Has a large, round vertebral foramen within anterior and posterior arches
the axis what does it attach to what?
the bodies of axis and Atlas do what during development?
The axis (C2)
Articulates with the atlas
Has heavy spinous process to attach muscles of head and neck
Bodies of axis and atlas fuse during development to form the dens
the thoracic has type shape?
type of spinous process?
articutles with?
Have heart-shaped bodies
Larger bodies and relatively smaller vertebral foramina than those in cervical vertebrae
Long, slender spinous process
Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets
Articulate with heads of ribs
the lumbar
Largest vertebrae
Thick, oval-shaped bodies
No costal facets or transverse costal facets
Triangular vertebral foramen
Superior articular processes face medially
Inferior articular processes face laterally
Slender transverse processes project dorsolaterally
Massive spinous processes
the sacrum difference between males and females?
protects what?
attach to what?
Curved, more so in males than in females
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs
Attaches
Axial skeleton to pelvic girdle
Broad muscles that move the thigh
the coccyx consists of what?
attaches to what?
Mature coccyx
Consists of three to five fused coccygeal vertebrae
Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus
First two coccygeal vertebrae have transverse processes
And unfused vertebral arches
Coccygeal cornu
Prominent lamina of first coccygeal vertebra
the ribs what types
true is Ribs 1–7 are true ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
Connected to sternum by costal cartilages
Ribs 8–12 are false ribs
Do not attach directly to sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10)
Costal cartilages fuse together
Merge with cartilages of rib pair 7 before reaching sternum
Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12)
Have no connection with the sternum
Connect only to vertebrae and muscles of body wall
sternum what are the 3 parts and where is located?
Sternum (breastbone)
A flat bone in anterior midline of thoracic wall
Three parts of the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
manbrium
Superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape
Articulates with clavicles (collarbones)
Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair
Has a jugular notch, a shallow indentation between clavicular articulations
sternal body
Tongue-shaped
Attaches to manubrium
Attaches to costal cartilages of rib pairs 2–7
xyphoid process
Smallest part of the sternum
Attaches to sternal body
Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles
