chapter 14 the brain Flashcards
how many cranial Brain nerves are there ?
12 pairs connected to brain
what is the primarily sensory
carriers of somatic sensory information including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
what is the special sensory
carriers of sensations such as smell, sight, hearing, and balance
defn motor in cranial nerves
axons of somatic motor neurons
what are mixed nerves
sensory and motor fibers
the olfactory nerves whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Special sensory (smell)
Origin
Receptors of olfactory epithelium
Pass through
Olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
Destination
Olfactory bulbs
the optic nerves whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Special sensory (vision)
Origin
Retina of eye
Pass through
Optic canals of sphenoid
Destination
Diencephalon via optic chiasm
the oculomotor nerve whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Midbrain
Pass through
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
the trochlear nerve whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Midbrain
Pass through
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
Destination
Superior oblique
abducens nerves whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Motor (eye movements)
Origin
Pons
Pass through
Superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
Destination
Lateral rectus
facial nerve whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) of face
Origin
-Sensory
Taste receptors on anterior two-thirds of tongue
Motor
Motor nuclei of pons
Pass through
Internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramina
what are the destination of the facial nerves
Destination
Sensory
Sensory nuclei of pons
Somatic motor
Muscles of facial expression
Visceral motor
Lacrimal gland and nasal mucous glands
Submandibular and sublingual glands
what is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)
Primary function
Special sensory
Vestibular nerve
Balance and equilibrium
Cochlear nerve
Hearing
Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII) where does it passes through, and final destination, origin
Origin
Receptors of internal ear
Pass through
Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bones
Destination
Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) what is the function, origin, and Motor
Primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor) of head and neck
Origin
-Sensory
Posterior one-thirds of tongue
Part of pharynx and palate
Carotid arteries
Motor
Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) where does it pass through and destination
Pass through
Jugular foramina between occipital, temporal bones
Destination
Sensory
Sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
Somatic motor
Pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing
Visceral motor
Parotid gland
what do the Superior ganglion and inferior ganglion contain
Contain sensory neurons of tongue, pharynx, etc.
what is the origin and motor of the vagus nerve
Origin
Sensory
-Part of pharynx
-Auricle and external acoustic meatus
-Diaphragm
-Visceral organs in thoracic and -abdominopelvic cavities
Motor
Motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
where does it pass through, destination, viscera motor of the vagus nerve
Pass through
Jugular foramina between occipital bone and temporal bones
Destination
Sensory
-Sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla oblongata
Visceral motor
-Muscles of palate and pharynx
-Muscles of digestive, respiratory, and -cardiovascular systems in thoracic and abdominal cavities
accessory nerve what is the function, origin, where does is pass through, and destination
Primary function
Motor to muscles of neck and upper back
Origin
Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata
Pass through
Jugular foramina between occipital bone and temporal bones
Destination
-Internal branch
-Voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
-External branch
-Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
hypoglossal nerve whats its function, whats is organ, where does it passes through, and final destination
Primary function
Motor (tongue movements)
Origin
Motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
Pass through
Hypoglossal canals of occipital bone
Destination
Muscles of tongue
cranial reflex what are the types of synapses, and the types of fibers
Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs
Involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
which waves is for healthy adults and which is for stressed out adults
alpha waves are for healthy adults and beta waves are for mentally stressed out adults
what does the Broca area do ?
Speech production
Primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere
Regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization
the prefrontal cortex where does is coordinates from and what does it perform
Coordinates information relayed from all cortical association areas
Performs abstract intellectual functions
defn what is the wernike’s area
Language comprehension
Primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere
Receives information from sensory association areas
Coordinates access to visual and auditory memories
def the cortical center
In lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
Receive information from association areas
Direct complex motor activities
Perform analytical functions
Somatosensory association cortex function
Monitors activity in primary somatosensory cortex
Example: it recognizes touch
Visual association area
Interprets activity in visual cortex
Auditory association area
Monitors auditory cortex
in the cerebrum the premotor cortex whats is function
Coordinates learned movements
Primary somatosensory cortex
Surface of postcentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
Surface of precentral gyrus
Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms are caused by increased activity of basal nuclei
name the characteristics of the basal nuclei
Masses of gray matter
Embedded in white matter of cerebrum
Direct subconscious activities
the function of the basal nuclei
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting)
Association fibers
Form connections within one hemisphere
defn the cerebrum
Largest part of adult brain
Controls higher mental functions
Conscious thoughts, intellect, memory, etc.
Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
what are the main regions of the Brian
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
the cerebral cortex of cerebrum has what matter and what causes rounded elevations
Surface layer of gray matter
Rounded elevations (gyri) increase surface area
the cerebellum name the characteristics
Second-largest part of brain
Coordinates repetitive body movements
two hemispheres
Covered by gray matter (cerebellar cortex)
the Deincephalon where is it located and what does it contain?
Located under cerebrum and cerebellum
Thalamus
Relays and processes sensory information
Hypothalamus is involved with
Emotions
Autonomic function
Hormone production
the pituitary gland and where is located
Major endocrine gland
Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (stalk)
Integrates nervous and endocrine systems
is located in diencephalon
what is the function of the Brian stem and what does It includes
Relays information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Includes
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
the function of the midbrain
Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
Maintains consciousness
the pons what does it connect and what does it contain
Connects cerebellum to brainstem
Contains
Tracts (collections of CNS axons)
Relay centers
Nuclei for somatic and visceral motor control
the function of the medulla oblongata
Regulates autonomic functions
Heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
Connects brain to spinal cord
Inferior portion has a narrow central canal
Relays sensory information
what are the 3 main Brian vesicles
Prosencephalon (“forebrain”)
Mesencephalon (“midbrain”)
Rhombencephalon (“hindbrain”)
defn the dura matter
Inner fibrous layer (meningeal cranial dura)
Outer fibrous layer (periosteal cranial dura)
Fused to periosteum
what does the falx cerebella divides
Divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli
the arachnid matter where’s does it attach and what is it separated by
it attaches to dura mater
May be separated by subdural space
the pia matter what cells are they
Attached to brain surface by astrocytes
