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anatomy and physiology > chapter 18 endocrine system > Flashcards

chapter 18 endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

the whole function of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine cells and tissues produce about 30 different hormones (chemical messengers)

Controls and coordinates body processes

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of intercellular communication

A

Direct communication

Paracrine communication

Autocrine communication

Endocrine communication

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3
Q

Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions
Occurs between two cells of the same type
Highly specialized and relatively rare

which intercellular communication?

A

Direct communication

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4
Q

Chemical signals transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue

which intercellular communication?

A

Paracrine communication

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5
Q

Messages affect the same cells that secrete them
Chemicals involved are autocrines

Example: prostaglandins secreted by smooth muscle cells cause the same cells to contract

which intercellular communication?

A

Autocrine communication

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6
Q

Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) that are transported in bloodstream

Alters metabolic activities of many organs

which intercellular communication?

A

Endocrine communication

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7
Q

the endocrine communication has what type of cell and it functions

A

Target cells

Have receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

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8
Q

the function of hormones

A

Change types, quantities, or activities of enzymes and structural proteins in target cells

Can alter metabolic activities of multiple tissues and organs at the same time

Affect long-term processes like growth and development

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9
Q

the function of the synaptic communication

A

Neurons release neurotransmitters at a synapse

Leads to action potentials that are propagated along axons

Allows for high-speed “messages” to reach specific destinations

Ideal for crisis management

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10
Q

Both endocrine and nervous systems do?

A

Rely on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on target cells

Share many chemical messengers (e.g., norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Are regulated mainly by negative feedback

Function to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating activities

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11
Q

the endocrine system what do they produce and where is it release?

A

that produce hormones or paracrines

Endocrine cells release secretions into extracellular fluid

Endocrine organs are scattered throughout body

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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13
Q

amino acid derivates also means

A

biogenic amines

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14
Q

what are examples of Peptide Hormones, types of protein

A

Glycoproteins
Proteins more than 200 amino acids long that have carbohydrate side chains (e.g., TSH, LH, FSH)

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15
Q

how do hormones travel

A

Hormones may circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins

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16
Q

Free hormones remain functional for less than an hour and are inactivated when they

A

Diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells,

Are absorbed and broken down by liver or kidneys, or

Are broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluids

17
Q

what are the effects of binding hormones

A

Alter genetic activity
Alter rate of protein synthesis
Change membrane permeability

18
Q

receptors absence determines what?

A

receptor determines hormonal sensitivity of a cell

19
Q

what are the 2 types of regulation

A

Down-regulation = Presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors

Up-regulation= Absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors

20
Q

which hormones are able to pass through membranes

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones
Lipid soluble
intracellular receptors

21
Q

Catecholamines and peptide hormones

A

Not lipid soluble

Unable to penetrate plasma membrane

Bind to receptor proteins on outer surface of plasma membrane (extracellular receptors)

22
Q

what does each messenger do ?

A

First messenger
Hormone that binds to extracellular receptor
Promotes release of second messenger in cell

Second messenger
Intermediary molecule that appears due to hormone–receptor interaction

May act as enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor

Results in change in rates of metabolic reactions

23
Q

what are the affects of G proteins and CAMp levels

A

increasing cAMP level, which accelerates metabolic activity of cell
increase in cAMP level is usually short-lived

24
Q

Steroid hormones

A

can alter rate of DNA transcription in nucleus

Alterations in synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
Directly affect activity and structure of target cell

25
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

bind to receptors within nucleus and on mitochondria

Activate genes or change rate of transcription
Increase rates of ATP production

26
Q

hormones can be triggered by

A

Humoral stimuli (change in composition of extracellular fluid),

Hormonal stimuli (arrival or removal of hormone),

Neural stimuli (neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions)

27
Q

what organ produces ADH anOXT?

A

the hypothalamus

28
Q

what release ADH and OXT

A

the Pituitary gland posterior lobe

29
Q

the endocrine system what does it include and what does it produces?

what cells and what do they release into what fluid?

are the endocrine organ scrattered throughout the body?

A

includes all endocrine cells and tissues that produce
hormones or paracrines

– Endocrine cells release secretions into extracellular fluid
* Unlike exocrine cells

– YES, Endocrine organs are scattered throughout body

30
Q
A
31
Q

what is type 1 diabetes what is it low on?

what doe patients need?

whats the percent of cases and who is mostly developed by it?

A

Characterized by inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells

– Patients require daily injections or continuous infusion of insulin

– Approximately 5 percent of cases

– Usually develops in children and young adults

32
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

– Usually, normal amounts of insulin are produced, at least initially

  • Tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance) – Associated with obesity
  • Weight loss can be an effective treatment
33
Q

Complications of untreated or poorly managed diabetes mellitus include

A

Kidney degeneration

– Retinal damage (diabetic retinopathy)
* May lead to blindness

– Early heart attacks (3–5 times more likely)

– Peripheral nerve problems (diabetic neuropathies)

– Peripheral tissue damage due to reduced blood flow

  • Tissue death, ulceration, infection, and amputation
34
Q

the hypothalamus regulates what?

sysnthesizes what hormones and where do they transport?

what hormones do they release in the anterior pituitary gland?

contains what center? direct control over what?

A

Regulates functions of the pituitary gland

– Synthesizes ADH and OXT and transports them to posterior pituitary gland for release

– Secretes regulatory hormones that control secretory activity of anterior pituitary gland

– Contains autonomic centers that exert direct control over adrenal medulla

35
Q

what are the major endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland anterior lobe - ACTH,TSH, LSH, GH, FSH, PRL, MSH
posterior lobe - ADH and OXT

Pineal Gland- melatonin

parathyroid Gland- PTH located posterior to thyroid gland

thyroid gland - Thyroxine T4, Triiodothyronine T3, Calcitonin CT

Adrenal Gland - Medulla= Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Cortex= Cortisol, Corticosterone, Cortisone, Aldosterone, androgens

36
Q

the pituitary gland lies within?

which diaphragm isolates?

where does is hang? what does it connect by?

what does it release? binds to what?
use what as second messenger?

A

Lies within sella turcica
Sellar diaphragm isolates pituitary gland from cranial cavity

Hangs inferior to hypothalamus
Connected by infundibulum

Releases nine important peptide hormones
Bind to extracellular receptors
Use cAMP as second messenger

37
Q

Adrenal Glands lies along where ?

what portion of the adrenal stores fat, steroid hormones?

inner medulla controlled by what division? what do they produce at the end?

A

Lie along superior border of each kidney

Superficial adrenal cortex
Stores lipids, especially cholesterol and fatty acids
Manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

Inner adrenal medulla
Secretory activities controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)

38
Q

Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones

A

Releasing hormones (RH)
Stimulate synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at anterior lobe

Inhibiting hormones (IH)
Prevent synthesis and secretion of hormones from anterior lobe

Rate of secretion is controlled by negative feedback

39
Q

Pancreas where does it lies between?

what does it contain which cells?

A

Large gland

Lies in loop between inferior border of stomach and proximal portion of small intestine

Mostly retroperitoneal
Contains exocrine and endocrine cells

anatomy and physiology (21 decks)

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