Final Exam Part 2 Flashcards
What are the portions of a muscle?
Muscle belly, Tendon, Fascicle, Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Muscle fiber (myofiber), Myofibril, Sarcomere, Thin and thick filaments, Zone of overlap, Myofilaments
Thin filaments include Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, G actin binding site; Thick filaments include Myosin head.
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber, enabling neural stimulation of the muscle.
What is the contraction sequence inside the muscle fiber?
The series of events that lead to muscle contraction, involving the sliding of myofilaments.
What are the types of contractions?
Twitch, Treppe, Wave summation, Tetany (Incomplete, Complete), Isotonic contraction (Concentric, Eccentric), Isometric contraction.
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates, functioning together in muscle contraction.
Fill in the blank: Energy molecules in muscle contraction are formed by _______ and _______ processes.
aerobic, anaerobic
What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Identify neuron structures: soma, synaptic knobs, Nissil bodies, dendrite, teleodendria, Nodes of Ranvier, axon, synaptic vesicles, collateral, axon hillock.
Soma: cell body, Synaptic knobs: neurotransmitter release, Nissil bodies: rough endoplasmic reticulum, Dendrite: receives signals, Teleodendria: terminal branches of axon, Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath, Axon: transmits signals, Synaptic vesicles: store neurotransmitters, Collateral: branches of axon, Axon hillock: initiates action potential.
What is the structure of the myelin sheath?
A fatty layer that insulates axons, increasing the speed of signal transmission.
How is the resting potential created and maintained?
By the distribution of ions across the neuronal membrane, primarily sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+).
What are the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential?
Involves voltage-gated channels, depolarization, graded (local) potential, chemically gated channels, repolarization, all-or-none response, threshold potential, refractory period.
List factors that affect the speed of action potential propagation.
Axon diameter, myelination, temperature
Continuous propagation occurs in unmyelinated axons; saltatory propagation occurs in myelinated axons.
Identify structures of a cholinergic synapse.
Presynaptic neuron, synaptic vesicle, receptor, postsynaptic neuron, neurotransmitter, calcium channel, synaptic cleft.
What enables information processing in neural tissue?
Excitatory PSP, spatial summation, Inhibitory PSP, temporal summation.
What are the key structures associated with the ischium?
Ischial tuberosity, Obturator foramen
What are the main structures of the pubis?
Symphysis pubis, Rami, Acetabulum
Identify the structures associated with the femur.
Head, Neck, Trochanter (Greater & Lesser), Condyle (Medial & Lateral), Linea Aspera
What are the structures associated with the patella?
Tibial tuberosity, Medial malleolus, Condyle (Medial & Lateral)
List the key structures of the tibia.
Head, Lateral malleolus
What is the primary structure of the fibula?
Lateral malleolus
Name the tarsal bones.
Calcaneus, Talus
What are the categories of metatarsals?
Proximal, Intermediate, Distal, Halicus (Proximal, Distal)
Identify the structures of the phalanges.
Proximal, Distal
What are the recognized structures of a synovial joint?
Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Capsule, Synovial fluid, Bone, Bursae
List the movements recognized in joint function.
Gliding, Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation, Pronation, Supination, Inversion, Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Opposition
What joints are associated with key structures and movements?
Spine, Shoulder, Elbow, Hip
What is the primary difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions, while the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
What are the structures associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic division includes:
* Chain ganglia
* Collateral ganglia
* Adrenal medulla
What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic division prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.
What are the structures associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic division originates from craniosacral areas and includes:
* Brainstem nuclei
* Sacral spinal cord
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic division promotes ‘rest and digest’ activities.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally function in the body?
They generally function in opposition; sympathetic activates fight or flight, while parasympathetic activates rest and digest.
What is the structure and function of the olfactory epithelium?
The olfactory epithelium contains sensory receptors for smell.
What is the role of gustation receptors?
Gustation receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.
Fill in the blank: The process of _______ involves the formation of a retinal image.
[Retinal image formation]
What is the significance of stimulating photoreceptors in vision?
Stimulation of photoreceptors initiates the visual process.
What does the integration of the visual pathway involve?
It involves processing visual information in the brain.
What is the physiology of hearing?
Hearing involves the detection of sound waves and their conversion into neural signals.
How is equilibrium sensed in the body?
Equilibrium is sensed through structures in the inner ear.
What is the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium?
Static equilibrium relates to the position of the head, while dynamic equilibrium relates to motion and changes in head position.
Define an endocrine gland.
An endocrine gland is a gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
What are the major endocrine glands of the body?
Major endocrine glands include:
* Pituitary
* Thyroid
* Adrenals
* Pancreas
* Gonads
What mechanisms are used for intercellular communication in the endocrine system?
Mechanisms include hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine signals.
Compare and contrast hormonal, humoral, and neural endocrine reflexes.
Hormonal reflexes involve hormone release triggered by other hormones, humoral reflexes are triggered by changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients, and neural reflexes are triggered by nerve impulses.
How does the hypothalamus influence the action of the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate pituitary function.
Explain the phases of the stress response.
The phases of stress response include:
* Alarm phase
* Resistance phase
* Exhaustion phase
