final exam review ch 9 - 15

Question 1

in synovial joint what cartilage cover surfaces and prevents contact?

cartilage have what between bones?

Answer 1

Articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces
Prevents direct contact between bones

Cartilages
Meniscus—fibrocartilage pad between opposing bones

Question 2

defn tendons?

defn ligaments ?

defn capusle?

defn the synovial fluid?

Answer 2

Tendons
Attach to muscles around joint

Ligaments
Support and strengthen joints
Sprain—ligament with torn collagen fibers

Surrounded by joint capsule (articular capsule)
Contains synovial membrane

synovial fluid- Contains proteoglycans
Primary functions include
Lubrication
Nutrient distribution
Shock absorption

Question 3

defn bone and bursae

Answer 3

Bursae
Small pockets of synovial fluid
Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues

Question 4

Types of movement at synovial joints

Answer 4

Gliding movement
Angular movement
Circumduction
Rotational movement
Special movements

Question 5

what is gliding movement

Answer 5

Gliding movement
When two flat surfaces slide past each other
Example: between carpal bones

Question 6

the elbow of what joint? inlvoves what ?

Answer 6

Hinge joint
Articulations involve humerus, radius, and ulna

Question 7

Structures of the elbow

Answer 7

Biceps brachii muscle
Attaches to radial tuberosity
Controls elbow motion

Elbow ligaments
Radial collateral
Anular
Ulnar collateral

Question 8

the knee structures

Answer 8

Medial and lateral menisci
Fibrocartilage pads
At femur–tibia articulations
Cushion and stabilize joint.

1. Patellar ligament (anterior)
2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
3. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
   (inside joint capsule)
4. & 7. Tibial collateral ligament (medial) and
   fibular collateral ligament (lateral)

Question 9

shoulder ligaments,

muscles of the rotator cuff?

Answer 9

Shoulder ligaments
Acromioclavicular
Coracoclavicular
Coraco-acromial
Coracohumeral
Glenohumeral

Muscles of rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

Question 10

the key structures of hip

Answer 10

Acetabular labrum
Rim of fibrocartilage
Increases depth of joint cavity
Seals in synovial fluid

Ligaments of the hip joint
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Transverse acetabular
Ligament of the femoral head

Question 11

Endomysium

Answer 11

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)

Contains
Capillary networks
Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
Nerve fibers

Question 12

Perimysium

Answer 12

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)

Contains
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Blood vessels
Nerves

Question 13

Epimysium

Answer 13

Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
Connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues

Question 14

Skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 14

Develop by fusion of embryonic cells (myoblasts)
Also known as striated muscle cells due to striations

Question 15

Myofibrils

Answer 15

Lengthwise subdivisions within a muscle fiber
Responsible for muscle contraction
Made of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)

Two types of myofilaments
Thin filaments
Composed primarily of actin
Thick filaments
Composed primarily of myosin

Question 16

Sarcomeres

Answer 16

Smallest functional units of a muscle fiber
Interactions between filaments produce contraction

Arrangement of filaments accounts for striated pattern of myofibrils
Dark bands (A bands)
Light bands (I bands)

Question 17

Thin filaments

Answer 17

Contain F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin proteins

Question 18

Thick filaments

Answer 18

Each contains about 300 myosin molecules
Each myosin molecule consists of
Tail

Binds to other myosin molecules
Head
Made of two globular protein subunits
Projects toward nearest thin filament