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anatomy and physiology > chapter 10 muscles tissues > Flashcards

chapter 10 muscles tissues Flashcards

1
Q

list the functions of the muscles tissues

A

Producing movement

Maintaining posture and body position

Supporting soft tissues

Guarding body entrances and exits

Maintaining body temperature

Storing nutrients

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2
Q

Collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together
At ends of muscles to form?

A

tendon and aponeurosis

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3
Q

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
Contains
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Blood vessels
Nerves

which layer is this one ?

A

Perimysium

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4
Q

Layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
Connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissue which layer is this?

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
Contains
Capillary networks
Myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
Nerve fibers

what layer is this ?

A

Endomysium

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6
Q

Lengthwise subdivisions within a muscle fiber
Responsible for muscle contraction
Made of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)

Two types of myofilaments
Thin filaments
Composed primarily of actin
Thick filaments
Composed primarily of myosin

what part is this of the muscles skeleton fiber ?

A

Myofibril

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7
Q

Smallest functional units of a muscle fiber
Interactions between filaments produce contraction

Arrangement of filaments accounts for striated pattern of myofibrils

what part is this ?

A

Sarcomeres

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8
Q

Contain F-actin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin proteins

which filament does this belong

A

thin filament

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9
Q

Dark region
Where thick and thin filaments overlap
what part of the a band is this?

A

zone of overlap

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9
Q

Holds F-actin strand together
which filament is this one?

A

Nebulin

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10
Q

Covers active sites on G-actin
Prevents actin–myosin interaction
what filament is this

A

Tropomyosin

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11
Q

A globular protein
Binds tropomyosin, G-actin, and Ca2+
which filament?

A

Troponin

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12
Q

def the motorneuron control

A

a stimulus arrives at the axon terminal

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13
Q

Excitation in contraction what does it release and where does is go into?

A

release the ach into the synaptic cleft, later into the sacrolemma

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14
Q

release of calcium ions function, where does it travel, where does it relase ca2+

A

travel down to the sarcolemma and to the t tubules, triggers the release of calcium to the cisternae to the sacroplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

what goes on during the contraction phase, when ca2+ arrvies

A

ca2+ binds to troponin, creating a cross bridge formation

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16
Q

sarcomere shortening what going on

A

thick and thin filament are interacting, both ends of the muscles are shortening

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17
Q

what are the steps of the contraction phase in arrival of ca2+

A
  1. Contraction cycle begins
  2. Active-site exposure
    ​3. Cross-bridge formation (myosin binds to actin)
  3. Myosin head pivoting (power stroke)
  4. Cross-bridge detachment
  5. Myosin reactivation
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18
Q

A single neural stimulation produces a single contraction, Lasts 7–100 msec
what is the term for this?

A

Twitch

19
Q

A stair-step increase in tension
Caused by repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
Stimulus frequency <50/second

Produces a series of contractions with increasing tension

Typically seen in cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscles

which term is this one?

A

Treppe

20
Q

Increasing tension due to summation of twitches
Caused by repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation phase

Stimulus frequency >50/second

what is the definition of this ?

A

wave summation

21
Q

Muscle produces near-maximum tension
Caused by rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation
which tetanus is this ?

A

incomplete tetanus

22
Q

Higher stimulation frequency eliminates relaxation phase
Muscle is in continuous contraction
All potential cross-bridges form

which tetanus is this ?

A

complete tetanus

23
Q

Skeletal muscle changes length
Resulting in motion

name the contraction of this ?

A

Isotonic

24
Q

Muscle tension > load (resistance)
Muscle shortens

is concentric or eccentric

A

concentric

25
Q

Muscle tension < load
Muscle elongates

is concentric or eccentric

A

eccentric

26
Q

Skeletal muscle develops tension that never exceeds the load
Muscle does not change length

name the contraction of this one ?

A

Isometric

27
Q

is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls
May contain a few muscle fibers or thousands
All fibers in a motor unit contract at the same time

what is the term is this

A

Motor Unit

28
Q

Increase in the number of active motor units
Produces smooth, steady increase in tension
Maximum tension is achieved when all motor units reach complete tetanus

what is the definition of this ?

A

recruitment

29
Q

is the only energy source used directly for muscle contraction

what is the energy source

A

ATP

30
Q

ATP transfers energy to creatine.
what is the end product of this

A

CP

31
Q

Important energy source for peak muscular activity
Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles
Produces two ATP per molecule of glucose

which process is this

A

Anaerobic

32
Q

what is the use of CK

A

Catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy stored in CP

33
Q

Primary energy source of resting muscles
Breaks down fatty acids

is this Anaerobic or Aerobic

A

Aerobic

34
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscles of the metabolism?

A

rest metabolize fatty acids and store glycogen and CP

During moderate activity, muscles generate ATP through aerobic

breakdown of glucose, primarily
At peak activity, pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to lactate

35
Q

the layers of muscles from superficial to deep

A
  1. epimysium 2. perimysium, 3. Fascicles, 4. Endomysium, 5. Muscles Fiber, 6. Myofibirl
36
Q

what happens in the excitable membrane where is found, the events,

A

Are found in skeletal muscle fibers and neurons

Depolarization and repolarization events produce action potentials (electrical impulses)

Skeletal muscle fibers contract due to stimulation by motor neurons

37
Q

Two terminal cisternae plus a T tubule forms a

A

Traid

38
Q

what does the sacromplasic reticulum surround, what do they form and what do they attach to

A

A tubular network surrounding each myofibril
Similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) that attach to T tubules

39
Q

what are the steps of the sliding filament theory

A

During a contraction,

1.H bands and I bands narrow

2.Zones of overlap widen

  1. Z lines move closer together
  2. Width of A band remains constant

Thus, thin filaments must slide toward center of sarcomere

40
Q

what does rigort mortis fixed and when does is does happens

A

Fixed muscular contraction after death
Results when
ATP runs out and ion pumps cease to function
Calcium ions build up in cytosol

41
Q

excitation and coupling where does the action potential travels, what does is release, and the events

A

Action potential travels down T tubules to triads
Ca2+ is released from terminal cisternae of SR

Ca2+ binds to troponin and changes its shape
Troponin–tropomyosin complex changes position

Exposes active sites on thin filaments
Contraction cycle is initiated

42
Q

list of the characteristics of fast fiber muscles

A

Majority of skeletal muscle fibers

Contract very quickly

Large diameter

Large glycogen reserves

Few mitochondria

Produce strong contractions, but fatigue quickly

43
Q

list of the characteristics of slow fibers

A

Slow to contract and slow to fatigue

Small diameter

Numerous mitochondria

High oxygen supply from extensive capillary network

Contain myoglobin (red pigment that binds oxygen)

44
Q

list of the characteristics of intermediate fibers

A

Are mid-sized
Little myoglobin
Slower to fatigue than fast fibers

45
Q

(e.g., 50-meter dash, weight lifting)
Uses fast fibers and stimulates hypertrophy
Improved by frequent, brief, intensive workouts

what is the term for this

A

anaerobic

46
Q

(prolonged activities)

Supported by mitochondria

Does not stimulate muscle hypertrophy
Training involves sustained, low levels of activity

what is the term for this?

A

aerobic

anatomy and physiology (16 decks)

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