chapter 5 integumentary system

Question 1

what is the function of the integumentary system

Answer 1

Protection of underlying tissues and organs
– Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
– Maintenance of normal body temperature
– Production of melanin
– Production of keratin
– Synthesis of vitamin D3
– Storage of lipids
– Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc.
– Coordination of the immune response

Question 2

in the epidermis what is the characteristics

Answer 2

Stratified squamous epithelium
– Avascular, like all epithelia
– Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the
dermis

Question 3

list the layers of stratum from deepest to superficial

Answer 3

Stratum basale
* Stratum spinosum
* Stratum granulosum
* Stratum lucidum
* Stratum corneum

Question 4

the stratum is where is attached to, what are the cells, where does lies next to, and what does is contain

Answer 4

Attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
– Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
– Contains epidermal ridges
* Lie next to dermal papillae in dermis
– Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
* Stem cells that replace superficial keratinocytes

Question 5

what are the specialized structures in the basal and their function

Answer 5

Tactile discs
* Tactile (Merkel) cells with sensory nerve endings
* Found in hairless skin
* Respond to touch

– Melanocytes
* Contain the pigment melanin

Question 6

the Stratum spinosum what do they contain and what are they bond to

Answer 6

Contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells, which are active
in immune response,

Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes

Question 7

stratum granulusom what do they produce

Answer 7

Produced from cells of stratum spinosum
– Most cells stop dividing and produce,

Keratin
* Keratohyalin
– Forms dense granules
– Promotes cellular dehydration and cross-linking
of keratin fibers
– After production of proteins, cells die

Question 8

stratum lucidum what does it cover

Answer 8

Found only in thick skin
– Covers stratum granulosum

Question 9

the stratum corneum how many layers, and it function

Answer 9

Exposed surface of skin
– Water resistant
– 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells

Keratinization is the formation of protective layers
of cells filled with keratin

New cells move from stratum basale to stratum
corneum in 7 to 10 days
– Exposed cells are shed after two weeks

Question 10

EGF what is produce by and whats it use

Answer 10

A peptide growth factor
– Produced by salivary glands and duodenum
– Used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

Question 11

the function of the EGF

Answer 11

Promotes division of basal cells
– Accelerates keratin production
– Stimulates epidermal repair
– Stimulates glandular secretion

Question 12

papillary layer whats inside, the name for the inflammation and between epidermal ridges

Answer 12

Consists of areolar tissue

– Contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory
neurons

– Named for dermal papillae that project between
epidermal ridges

– Becomes inflamed in dermatitis

Question 13

collagen and elastic fibers function

Answer 13

Collagen fibers
* Very strong, resist stretching
* Easily bent or twisted
* Limit flexibility to prevent tissue damage

– Elastic fibers
* Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
* Provide flexibility

– Fibers and water provide flexibility and resilience
* Known as skin turgor

Question 14

in the reticular layer what are the fibers and tissues

Answer 14

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
– Contains collagen and elastic fibers
– The dermis contains all cells of connective tissue
proper

Question 15

what are the ways to damage to skin

Answer 15

 Skin damage
– Loss of skin turgor is caused by
* Dehydration (reversible)
* Aging
* Hormones
* UV radiation

Question 16

which cells are used for vitamin D

Answer 16

epidermal cells in presence of UV radiation

Question 17

Liver and kidneys together convert vitamin D3 into and function

Answer 17

calcitrol, Essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate ions by small intestine

Question 18

what is jaundice

Answer 18

Buildup of bile produced by liver
Skin and whites of eyes may turn yellow

Question 19

Excess MSH increases production of melanin, which tumor is this one

Answer 19

pituitary tumor

Question 20

what do Addison disease cause

Answer 20

Causes pituitary gland to release excess ACTH, which has an effect similar to MSH

Question 21

Blood flow and oxygenation influence

Answer 21

skin color

Question 22

Hemoglobin is bright red when bound to

Answer 22

oxygen

Question 23

what cases skin to redden and become pale

Answer 23

When blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens
When blood flow to skin decreases, skin pales

Question 24

Hemoglobin turns dark red when oxygen is

Answer 24

released

Question 25

what is the term for bluish skin and what is it caused by

Answer 25

cyanosis (bluish skin)
May be caused by extreme cold, heart failure, severe asthma, etc.

Question 26

carotene what are the pigments, where does is accumulates, and what does is it converted to

Answer 26

Orange-yellow pigment

Accumulates in epidermal cells, deep dermis, and subcutaneous layer

Can be converted to vitamin A, required for Maintenance of epithelia
Synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in eye

Question 27

Melanin what are the pigments, by what cells, and to what are they transferred to, what do they protect us from?

Answer 27

Red-yellow or brown-black pigment
Produced by melanocytes
Stored in intracellular vesicles (melanosomes)

Transferred to keratinocytes
Dark-skinned people have large, numerous melanosomes

Protects skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Small amounts of UV radiation are beneficial
Too much can damage DNA and cause cancer

Question 28

the subcutaneous layer Where is is connected to , whats in the superficial region, and what hormones are determined by

Answer 28

Lies deep to dermis
Connected to reticular layer by connective tissue

Stabilizes position of the skin
Primarily adipose tissue, Large arteries and veins are in superficial region

Site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
Distribution of subcutaneous fat determined by sex hormones

Question 29

to sense touch whats used in dermal papillae, and for deep pressure

Answer 29

Light touch—tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, in dermal papillae

Deep pressure and vibration—lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, in reticular layer

Question 30

what do the nerve fibers do ?

Answer 30

Control blood flow
Adjust gland secretion rates
Monitor sensory receptors