Final- psych chapters 15 & 16 Flashcards
abnormal behavior
rarebehavior that makes person or people around person uncomfortable, doesn’t alligh with social norms and impatcs daily life
mental disorder
dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions causing distress or impairment
medical model
explains biological effects to understand what you have (replaced demon model)
Szaz, Medical Doctor said…
mental illness is not a disease because it is not contagious
etiology
the cause
cormorbility
one individual has multiple mental illnesses
Biopsychosocial model
suggests biological, psychological, and social factors affect human wellness and health
diathesis-stress model
predispositions for mental illness that won’t active unless you trigger it
anxiety disorder
anxiety is a dominant factor in one’s life
phobic disorders
persistent avoidance of specific things
(phobias, ex: fear of spiders, aracnophobia)
specific phobia
so afriad the individual cannot function (can be caused by animals, natural environments, situations, blood or injury)
social phobia
fear of humiliation or embarrassment, NOT a fear of social settings
malingering
exaggerating or faking an injury to gain external benefits (attention, special treatment, etc.)
preparedness theory
humans are biologically prepared to fear objects and situations that threaten our survival
panic disorder
psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
agoraphobia
won’t leave house because they think something bad will happen if they go outside
ex: author in Nim’s island
GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)
exaggerated and irrational worry
OCD (obsessive impulsive disorder)
repetitive obsessions and compulsions interefere w a persons life
Mood Disorder
disruptions with mood
moods come from…
nowhere, you just are happy or sad
emotions come from…
an origin that you are aware of, like a person, an event or an object
examples of mood disorders
depression and bipolar
depression is also known as…
unipolar, because you are stuck in one mood: sadness
Major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
severe depressed mood/inability to experience pleasure
how long does depressive symptoms have to persist to be diagnosed?
2 weeks or more, must have at least 5 depressive symptoms persist
biological factors of depression:
heritability (35-40%), nature/nurture
psychological factors of depression:
learned helplessness affect, helplessness theory, developmental psych of kids developing schemas,
helplessness theory
attributes negative experience to internal (dispositional, all YOUR fault), stable, and global factors
Bipolar disorder
cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
transitioning from a manic state to a depressive state can cause what?
an increased risk for suicide
what are the 2 disorders that NEED medication to be treated?
schizophrenia and bipolar
psychopath
doesn’t feel emotion, guilt, empathy, disregaurd of social customs
psychotic
someone who loses grasp with reality/detatched from the world other people live in (delusional/hallucanations)
positive symptoms
thoughts and behaviors not seen in those without the disorder, do things people don’t normally do, they ADD to reality
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder w disruption of basic psychological processes, distorted perception of reality, ALTERED OR BLUNTED EMOTIONNNN
hallucination
false seen experiences w compelling sense that they are real even though there is no external stimulation
(brain fires on its own)
delusions
clearly grandiose false behavior maintained in spite of their irrationality (ex: someone believing they are the reincarnate of jesus christ)
phenomenology
you go along with what the patient believes in, pretend they are real, don’t ridicule them and ask what the hallucinations are doing
disorganized speech
severe disruption of verbal communication
(ideas change quickly w no sense)
grossly disorganized behavior
inappropriate behavior for situation or ineffective at attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances (ex: public masturbation, tantrum in social setting, strange movement)
catatonic behavior
decrease in all movement, or increase in muscular rigidity, results from medication
negative symptoms
takes away from reality, doesn’t do what normal people do (ex: lack of hygine, can’t pay attention, social withdrawl)
Dopamine hypothesis
too much dopamine
schizophrenia biomedical factors
lower amounts of dopamine lessen symptoms
neuroanatomy
larger ventricles (hollow areas of brain that have fluid), less brain functioning
psychological factors of schizophrenia
nature and nurture, diathesis stress model
antisocial personality disorder is more common in…
men
borderline personality disorder
hard to manage emotions about self anf others
antisocial personality disorder
disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues through adulthood
symptoms of antisocial personality disorder
illegal behavior, deception, recklessness, impulsive, lack of remorse, irresponsibility
borderline personality disorder symptoms
Chronic fear/avoidance of real/imagined abandonment (a
fantasy world).
– Unstable interpersonal relationships.
– Unstable self-interest/sense of self.
– Impulsive (sex, substances).
– Suicidal behavior, threats, gestures
– Instable mood (irritable, anxious, etc.).
– Chronic feeling of emptiness (a hole in your soul).
– Inappropriate/intense anger or difficulty controlling it.
– Transient, stress-related paranoia.
(think claire example)
mental illness in middle ages/ 17th century
thought of psychological disorders as witchcraft/demonic possession- solved it through exercising the demon, which involved inhumane torture methods.
mentall illness in 18th century europe
asylums were created and people were mistreated/abused
mental illness in 20th century
psychopharmacology made it so people were able to live independently, Assertive community treatments constitute a new approach toward managing the mental health system
psychiatric nurse
needs a Registered Nurse Degree
what can a psychiatric nurse do?
diagnosis, individual therapy, and group/family therapy
Psychiatrists
needs a Medical Degree
what can a psychiatrist do?
prescribe medicine, administration/interpretation of psychological tests (with some restriction in certain states), diagnosis, individual therapy, and group/family therapy
Social worker
needs Masters degree
What can a social worker do?
diagnosis, individual therapy, and group/family therapy
family physician
needs Doctor of Medicine degree
what can a family physician do?
diagnose, check ups, health risk assessments, prescribe medication
Inpatient treatment
services performed while an individual is hospitalized, restrictive form of treatment and should be reserved for when the patient’s well being is at risk
Residential treatment
intense and structured treatment but occurs in a home-like setting.
Partial hospitalization
individual still resides in their own home but spends up to seven days a week in treatment at a mental health center or hospital (breaks OCD compulsions)
Outpatient treatment
people who are medically stable and able to function, mental health treatment that occurs in different settings (clinics, offices, counseling centers, etc.)
Mental health parity law
makes insurance companies make the coverageof mental health equivalent to coverage for other medical problems
largest payer for mental health treatment
medicaid
Preventative care
taking measures to prevent people from developing mental health problems in the first place by addressing the conditions thought to cause or contribute to them (poverty, racism, abusive households)
Some therapists won’t see people with medicaid because…
medicaid reimbursement rates are really low
Psychoanalysis
psychotherapy that utilizes Freudian concepts w an emphasis on the silence of the unconscious
(ego protects person from feeling discomfort of the unconscious and the repressed memories aren’t consciously accessible)
Free association
psychoanalysis asks patients to relax and tell them every idea/image that pops into their mind, this requires the analyst to refrain from judging or self-editing the content of their thoughts. This will often make patterns emerge. The analyst’s job is to see if the random associations point to particular underlying conflicts or anxieties in the client’s unconscious mind
Dream analysis
interpreting the symbolism in a person’s dream is often a key component of psychoanalysis
humanistic approach
an approach of therapy that is centered around psychological problems through optimism
Active listening
listening without judgment
Person centered therapy
client guides the sessions, therapist is there to mirror/shadow what you are saying (reflective listening) to make the client feel understood
(form of humanistic approach)
what does an wnviornment need to fully allow a client to grow?
genuineness, unconditional positive regaurd, accurate empathy
unconditional positive regard
therapist accepts and supports everything the client says regardless of what it is
Accurate empathy
therapist accurately infers thoughts and feelings of patient
what is the core idea of cognitive therapy?
you can alter your mood with your thoughts and your thoughts can impact your behavior
Automatic thinking
thoughts that automatically come to the mind which are negative/biased and can lead you to feel depressed
flooding
therapy technique that involves exposing a person to something that causes them maximum anxiety (like for phobias)
Overgeneralization
person makes broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single event
All or nothing thinking
a person sees things in “black or white”/absolute, with no room for middle ground (success or fail)
fear hierarchy
list of person’s fears from least to most feared
Mental filters
only seeing the bad stuff and “filtering” out the good aspects
Cognitive restructuring
when therapists teach patients to identify automatic thoughts, evaluate/test the accuracy of the thought, replace negative automatic thoughts with more realistic thoughts
Antidepressant drugs
medication that regulates mood and lessens symptoms of depression. They effect serotonin and norepiephrine, affect arousal and mood. OCD and PTSD would be treated with this
Anti-anxiety drugs
medication for anxiety disorders, reduces phsiological symptoms. Most effective w generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. It enhances the effect of GABA, which calms the person down
Antipsychotic drugs
medications used to treat disorders w psychotic symptoms: hallunications, paranoia, deulsion. Can’t treat schizophrenia. Side effects: sluggishness, tremors, weight gain, motor disturbance in muscles
Mood-stabilizing drugs
medication used for bipolar disorder to manage mood changes. Increases size of hippocampus and amygdala
Tricyclic drugs
an antidepressant that blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which elevates their mood.
side effects of tricyclic drugs
dry mouth, fatiuge, blurred vision
MAO inhibitors
increases amounts of norepinephrine in the brain by inhibiting enzymes that break down norepinephrine.
side effects of MAO inhibitors
lethal food and drug combinations (severe)
Benzodiazepines
treats anxiety disorder and panic disorder by enhancing GABA, which makes you calm
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
antidepressants that block reuptake of serotonin and has fewer side effects, but there is correlation between SSRI and increased suicide rates
side effects of benzodiazepines
drowsiness, decline in motor coordination, consumption of alcohol, withdrawal symptoms
Lithium
mood stabilizing medication, benefits 7/10 bipolar patients in long term. Hippocampus and amygdala increase bc of its neuroprotective effect.
barbiturates
first anti-anxiety drugs, highly addictive. Enhances GABA which calms the nervous system
What family of drugs do tricyclics fall under?
Cyclic antidepressants
side effects of lithium
kidney and thyriod dysfunction
Electroconvulsive therapy
100v electric currents are sent through the brain, triggering a brief seizure in an attempt to reduce psychiatric symptoms such as depression
side effects of electroconvulsive tehrapy
memory loss but not long term memory
Lobotomy
a psychosurgery procedure where the frontal lobe is disconnected from the rest of the brain (ice pick into eye)
issues of couples therapy
people use it too late bc they use it as a last case scenario
self help support groups
support group w no professional.
Strength: free, learn from others experience
Weakness: only have each other to learn from and not a professional standpoint
family therapy
group tehrapy that focuses ont he unique interactions in the family unit
strengths: grows family closer
Weakness: everyone needs to be there
couples therapy
therapy for a romantic relationship
strengths: can help relationship if both want to go and are willing to improve
weakness: used as a last resort
which ethnic/racial group is least likely to support mental health treatment in the US?
minority populations, namely African Americans
____ amount of $ is spent on helping depression in ONE year
30-50 billion $$$$
what percentage of people w a mental health diagnosis seek out treatment?
18%
Drawback of medication (besides side effects)
can only treat symptoms, NOT the problem
cognitive behavior therapy
focuses on the interrelated nature of our thoughts, feelings and behaviors and break bad thought patterns
Psychodynamic therapy
aims to help clients bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness (dreams, free association)
cognitive therapy
theory based on people’s psychological problems can be traced o their own illogical or dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts
Behavior therapy
attempts to change behaviors associated with psychological distress using the principles of learning
Psychopharmacology
study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior and how it is used to treat psychological disorders
analysis resistance
if your in therapy process and you bring up something your client doesn’t want to talk about it can be very informative
transference
client treats therapist how they treat everyone else in their life
congruence
looking engaged while you engage with your client
what was carl rogers’ goal for therapy?
to become more empathetic
training
the expertise you are trained in, your focus that you treat. The experience that comes from a degree and not the degree itself.
Premature discontinuation
when clients drop out of therapy before condition is treated
impact of premature discontinuation
the chain of negative influence/interaction that follows an untreated/helped client and a therapist with no paycheck
who is most likely to prematurely discontinue therapy?
inexperienced therapists, University settings,
Eating disorders and personality disorders, poorer people and minorities
one in ________ clients will drop out of therapy
5
labeling theory
you put a label on someone, everything they do enforces that label
what percent of people develop a specific phobia in their lifetime?
12%
symptoms of GAD
restless, irritable, can’t concentrate, fatigue, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, “I have no control over my life”
what chemical reduces GAD?
GABA
symptoms of depression
sadness/depressed mood
Loss of enjoyment of previous pleasures
Weight loss/gain
Too much/little sleep
Restlessness
Fatigue
hopelessness/worthlessness
Inability to concentrate/make decisions
Recurring thoughts of suicide
What discourages people from seeking treatment?
Pride, laziness, culture, stigma, belief, $, you don’t know when it is going to end, you don’t know if you’re mentally ill
