Chapter 13- Social Psychology Flashcards
illusion of Invulnerability
we see and hear a lot about death, mainly strangers dying, and we say “that’s not going to happen to me”. But if a close family member or friend dies, that illusion shatters and its almost expected.
good first impressions…
hard to make, easy to loose
bad first impressions…
easy to make, hard to loose
Kitty Genovese
bar tender got beat up and then killed, no one helped her because they thought someone else would help her
bystander effect
helping behavior decreases when there is more people around. You are less likely to get help with more people verses fewer people around
Once you do something bad…
…you’re more likely to do more and more worse things
Stanley Milegram
affected by WWII, scientist that believed that people couldn’t just “follow orders” of killing people, did the Milegram experiemnt to prove “normal people would not follow through”
Milegram Experiment
participants were asked ot punish another “participant” when they got memory correlations wrong. Milegram wanted to see just how far people would go before stopping in the face of authority (the doctor in the room)
Findings of the milegram experiemnt
62%, 2/3s of participants followed through with orders all the way to deadly shocks. Without consequence and punishments, human nature becomes immoral.
Standford Prison Study
fake prison was made and employed college students as guards. After being in there for less than a week, the students had taken on their roles of guards and prisoners very quickly and the situation grew too violent to keep it going for 2 weeks
Philip Zimbardo
made the Stanford Prison study , wanted to see how situations/enviornment can affect human behavior
What’s more important, values or situations?
situations
Jane Elliot
elementary school teacher that did a blue eyed, brown eyed experiment with her kids where she told them that blue yes were superior and brown eyes were stupid, and switched them so the children could understand racism.
Social Identity Theory
ingroup vs outgroup, us vs them, people are constantly put in groups and either give labels to others or label themselves
Who created the Ingroup Outgroup Dynamic?
Jane Elliot
Social Psychology
study people scientifically, utilize theories to understand individuals and how they react in groups, combines psychology and sociology
How are most scientific discoveries made?
By accident or from someone’s misfortune
what can we infer about human brains?
Our brains crave stimulation, without it we go insane
how do we describe our own or other people’s behavior?
heretics, subtyping, stereotypes, avaliability heretics
Heuristics
quick mental shortcuts
Avaliability heretics
you think something happens more than it really does because it’s readily available in your mind
stereotypes
heuristics that make assumptions about people
Subtyping
exceptions to stereotypes
attribution theory
how people percieve the causes of events and behaviors
internal/dispositional
look at your personality/yourself
external
look at the situation
Actor-Observer Bias
when we are acting in situations, we draw upon external things (I didn’t see the person in my blind spot). When we are observing situations, we draw upon internal things. (that person is so stupid)
Fundamental Attribution Error
when explaining other people’s behavior, we overestimate internal attributes, and we underestimate external attributions
Aggression
doing something with the intention to harm someone
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
you have a goal and while pursuing that goal you have obstacles and you want to remove the obstacle through aggression
factors of aggression
heat/weather, testosterone levels (so kinda gender), self esteem
whos more likely to physically hurt someone
men
whos more premeditated/planning to ruin life
women
whos more likely to cause social harm
women
whos more motivated by securing resources
women (evolutionary theory)
who would more likely be hurt by physical affairs?
men
who would be more likely hurt by emotional affairs?
women
whos more impulsive
men
In the golden ball scenario…
the man splits the money and the girl steals the money (trust is hard because you don’t want to be taken advantage of)
“cooperation and imrpovisation have and will prevail”
Charles Darwin
Cooperation
both parties benefit from helping each other
Kin Selection
humans engage in altruistic behavior towards their family because they want to continue their bloodline/legacy
Altruism
behavior that is not supposed to benefit the self/selfless behavior, doing it only for someone else
Does altruism really exist?
not really
Reciprocal altruism
we behave selflessly because we want others to help us (when you help someone you want them to help you)
cons of groups
conformity, prejudice, discrimination, common knowledge effect, group polarization, groupthink, deindividualism, diffusion of responsibility, social loafing, bystander effect
Pros of Groups
secures well being, safety, identity
Solomon Asche
scientist that challenged group pressure/social referencing by having people look at lines’ length and have the majority of participants (actors) choose the wrong answer which would make the true participant chose the wrong answer and go along with the crowd
Solomon Asche take away
if you increase the group size 3-4, conformity increases
Prejudice
an attitude towards something positive or negative
discrimination
a behavior towards something, can be positive or negative
Common knowledge effect
when you are in a group, you share the same information. The person who doesn’t conform to that knowledge that is not in the group is ganged up on. (Only considers knowledge that supports your current views, bias)
Group polarization
caution and analysis goes away in groups because without the caution, people will be more inclined to make extreme decisions in a group as opposed to making a decision alone. They don’t want to be the only one at fault if something goes wrong. Makes people extreme in decision making
Groupthink
people don’t want to be kicked out of their group so they try not to create conflict, so people keep their mouths shut. “I don’t want to go in this direction with the group but i don’t want to get kicked out so i’ll just stay quiet” its better to preserve harmony than challenge harmony
how do you reduce groupthink?
anonymity, assign a “devil’s advocate” that is supposed to berate the groups idea which allows other people to feel safe to vocalize their opinion, “courage is contagious”
Deindividualization
you have values/principles, when you are a single acting agent the spotlight is on you. You are aware of your values and principles. In a group, your level of awareness of your values plummets. You focus on the group’s values and not your own.
Diffusion of Responsibility
you have responsibilities, alone you are aware of your responsibilities, in a group you grow less aware of responsibility. The group as a whole gains responsibility of an event
Social Loafing
Not putting in whole effort because you know your group will pick up your slack
Mere Exposure Effect
exposure to something makes you like it more, you like things that are more familiar to you
Paradox of choice
more choices you have, the less satisfied you are with the choice you made. Fewer choices, more satisfied with your decision.
Passionate love
passionate, romantic, sexually oriented feelings last around 2-3 years on average
Compassionate love
commitment, hard work, sacrifice, stuff that isn’t easy, love is sustained here, it keeps marriages together. Not sexual or romantic
Persuasion
manipulation of others to do, think, pursue something I want someone else to do
Heuristic Persuasion
using someone attrative/charismatic to convince other people, Appealing to emotions
Semantic Persuasion
facts, charts, graphs, and evidence used to convince you
Foot in the door
Consistency of saying yes to small things can lead to agreeing to bigger things
Door in the face
starting with a crazy request and making someone think they have negotiating power to get them to buy the thing
