Chapter 6- Memory

Question 1

Myths about memory:

Answer 1

1. memory is not a THING (abstract, hard to observe)
2. memory is not A thing (correlated to all senses)
3. memory can be affected (other sources, self fufilling prophecy)

Question 2

Does intelligence determine memory?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

making sense out of an experience to remember it to store it, transforming experience

ex:) coding a computer

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

maintaing information

ex:) saving/storing the file

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Bringing to Mind

ex:) Searching for the file when you need it

Question 5

What is the point of the cardboard box analogy?

Answer 5

represents ENCODING (encoding the info gets the right stuff into the box)

Question 6

can memory be influenced?

Answer 6

Yes (surroundings, emotions, beliefs)

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

all memory starts with an input, that input goes into sensory memory (it has a HUGE capacity, small/short duration)

Question 8

George Sperling

Answer 8

do people receive the whole of a visual scene? Yes, but we forget it before we can even remember it

Sperling-> visual scene

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

visual memory, (fast decaying -> 1 second)

ex:) iconic->photo->visual memory

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

auditory memory (fast decaying-> 5 seconds)

ex:) echo->sound->auditory memory

Question 11

primacy effect

Answer 11

you remember things at the very beginning (like on a grocery list)

Question 12

recency effect

Answer 12

remembering things at the very end (like on a grocery list)

Question 13

serial position curve

Answer 13

people remember the beginning and the end, forget the middle

Question 14

short term memory

Answer 14

memory that decays after 15-30 seconds

Question 15

rehearsal

Answer 15

repetition that makes information stick in your head

Question 16

decay

Answer 16

when learned material dies/leaves the brain

Question 17

interference

Answer 17

distraction during memorization that makes it difficult to recall information

Question 18

George Miller

Answer 18

people could remember 7 (+/- 2) separate individual digits (recent research says it is lower now, 4 +/- 1)
“Killer numbers”

Question 19

chunking

Answer 19

putting small groups of letters/numbers together to remember them

ex:) ANIFCTBTCBCINA
FBI, CIA, CNN, ABC, TNT

Question 20

working memory process

Answer 20

1.input
2.sensory memory, phonological loop and visuospatial battle over central executive
3.long term memory

Question 21

phonological loop

Answer 21

verbal and auditory information

Question 22

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 22

visual and spatial information

Question 23

central executive

Answer 23

focuses attention between phonological and visuospatial

Question 24

Association Network Theory (ANT)

Answer 24

the more associations/connections you make with something you want to memorize, the more likely you will remember it (quantity of association) ANTs have associations/friends

Question 25

semantic encoding

Answer 25

the quality of the association that you make is important, the better it will stick (quality of association) “Special encoding”

Question 26

visual imagery encoding

Answer 26

making a visual scenario to remember things from a familiar place you know ex:) Br Merrit making a scene at his apart with eggs, butter, chocolate chips and sugar to remember ingredients he had to buy

Question 27

organizational encoding

Answer 27

group things that have similarities/relationships and group them together

Question 28

survival related encoding

Answer 28

remembering where things are is related to survival instinct even when disoriented

Question 29

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 29

putting things in your own words to remember a topic

Question 30

Ways to encode

Answer 30

visualize, mnemonics, teach someone else, organize info, test yourself

Question 31

explicit declarative memory

Answer 31

Consciously recalling facts and information (semantic and episodic)

Question 32

semantic memory

Answer 32

facts, data, concepts

Question 33

episodic memory

Answer 33

details and feelings tied to events

Question 34

implicit/nondeclarative memory

Answer 34

information we memorize unintentionally or do without thinking (ex: muscle memory)

Question 35

priming

Answer 35

early exposure to information leads to an increased response

Question 36

Procedural Memory

Answer 36

Procedure of something starting explicit until it becomes implicit Hard and consciously thinking about it to easy and natural

Question 37

failure to retrieve/tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 37

when you struggle to retrieve a piece of information

Question 38

retrieval is used to take things out of ___________ memory

Answer 38

long term

Question 39

free recall

Answer 39

when you can recall something without any cues/clues (ex: essay question)

Question 40

retrieval cues

Answer 40

when you can recall information with the help of a cue (ex: multiple-choice questions)

Question 41

encoding specificity

Answer 41

external/environmental cues affect how you learn and recall information (study and test in similar places)

Question 42

state-dependent learning

Answer 42

internal cues affect how you learn and remember information (ex: emotions, mindset)

Question 43

flashbulb memories

Answer 43

emotionally vivid memories (can be happy or traumatic)

Question 44

source monitoring

Answer 44

attributing things to the wrong source bc your mind is in a fragile state (ex: the lady thought she was attacked by the game show host)

Question 45

misinformation effect

Answer 45

the kind of questions you are asked about a memory can lead to different ways we remember an experience

Question 46

storage decay

Answer 46

memory gets lost among other memories

Question 47

proactive interference

Answer 47

old learning interferes with new learning

Question 48

retroactive interference

Answer 48

new learning interferes with old learning

Question 49

retrograde amnesia

Answer 49

loss of past memories (recent past, not your whole childhood)