FINAL EXAM: Unit 5 Flashcards
what happens to pressure when volume increases?
pressure decreases
what are bronchoconstrictors?
parasymp (ACh->musc)
histamine
leukotrienes
what are bronchodilators?
symp (E -> beta2)
low O2 = high CO2
what is the difference b/w type 1 and type 2 alveoli?
type 1: gas exchange
type 2: secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension of H2O)
what is tidal volume?
volume of inspiration and expiration
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
volume of inspire above tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume?
forceful exhale after expiration
what is residual volume?
volume left in lungs after max exhale
what is vital capacity?
IRV + ERV + V(T)
what is total lung capacity?
VC + RV
what is inspiratory capacity?
TV + IRV
what is functional residual capacity?
ERV + RV
what happens during inspiration? (pressure, diaphragm, muscles)
-volume increases, pressure decreases
-diaphragm contracts
-pressure is higher in the environment
-external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scclenes
what happens during expiration? (pressure, diaphragm, muscles)
-volume decreases, pressure increases
-pressure is higher in alveoli
-internal intercostals, abdominals
what is lung compliance?
high: stretches easily, fills with air
low: requires more force
what is the equation for total pulmonary ventilation?
breathing rate * tidal volume
what is the equation for alveolar ventilation?
breathing rate * (tidal volume - dead space)
what happens in restrictive and obstructive diseases?
RESTRICTIVE: decreased lung compliance
-FEV1 & FVC decrease same amount
OBSTRUCTIVE: decreased airflow
-FEV1 decreases more
which has the higher pressure for O2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?
alveoli
which has the higher pressure for CO2, alveoli or pulmonary capillaries?
pulmonary capillaries
which has the higher pressure of O2, cells or systemic capillaries?
systemic capillaries
which has the higher pressure of CO2, cells or systemic capillaries?
cells
what is the equation for CO2 -> HCO3-
how does high altitude, surface area, distance, concentration gradient, permeability, and resistance impact diffusion?
high altitude (decreased pressure) = (-)
surface area = (+)
distance = (-)
concentration gradient = (+)
permeability = (+)
resistance = (-)
how does a high pH, high temp, more CO2, and more 2,3-BPG affect Hb-O2 affinity?
high pH = (+)
high temp = (-)
more CO2 = (-)
more 2,3-BPG = (-)
which way does the graph shift when the affinity of Hb-O2 increases?
shift left
how does CO2 get converted to HCO3-? what is the pathway of transport for CO2 to the environment?
H2O + CO2 = H+ + HCO3- (carbonic anhydrase)
1. HCO3- exits RBC
2. Cl- enters RBC
3. HCO3- in plasma goes into another RBC
4. converted back into CO2
5. alveoli
6. environment
how does DRG, PAG, and VRG regulate ventiliation?
DRG: controls muscles of inspiration
PAG: controls firing rate of DRG
VRG:
-prebotzinger complex=controls firing rate of PRG
-other areas= control muscles of expiration
how does low O2, high CO2, and low pH affect ventilation?
increase ventilation (get rid of CO2)
what is the pathway of peripheral and central chemoreceptors for low O2 and high CO2?
- low O2 -> peripheral receptor -> depo -> brain
- high CO2 -> peripheral receptor -> brain
- CO2 converted to HCO3- -> decrease pH -> central receptor
- increases ventilation
what is filtration?
blood -> nephron
-non-specific
what are three filtration barriers?
glomerular capillary epithelium = fenestrated
basement MB = negative charges repel
bowmans capsule epithelium = podocytes & filtration slits
what is the equation for net filtration pressure?
hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure - fluid pressure
(+)=filtration
(-)=no filtration
how does net filtration pressure and filtration coefficient impact GFR?
both increase GFR
how does resistance in the afferent arteriole impact GFR?
less blood -> decreases GFR
how does resistance in the efferent arteriole impact GFR?
blood pools -> increases GFR
what happens to BP when you increase GFR?
decreases BP, decreases blood volume
what occurs during tubuloglomerular feedback?
- macula densa release paracrine
- acts on granular cells
- secrete renin
- constricts afferent arteriole
how does the sympathetic (alpha) NS affect GFR?
decreases GFR = increases MAP & BP
how does angiotensin 2 affect GFR?
constrictor = decreases GFR
how does prostaglandin affect GFR?
dilator = increases GFR
what is reabsorption?
nephron -> peritubular capillaries
-specific, saturation, competition
how does primary active Na+ transport work?
- antiporter on apical side (Na+ in, H+ out)
- antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
- high Na+ & H2O in blood
how does secondary active Na+ transport work?
- symporter on apical side (Na+ & glucose IN)
- antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
- glucose transported out
- Na+ & H2O high in blood
how does urea transport?
passively
-transported out due to Na+ gradient
how do plasma proteins transport?
endocytosis
-too big
-vesicular active transport
what is secretion?
blood -> nephron
-specific, saturation, competition
how does tertiary active transport work?
- antiporter on basolateral side (Na+ out, K+ in)
- symporter on basolateral side (Na+ & dicarboxylate IN)
- antiporter on basolateral side (dicarboxylate out, organic anion in)
- organic anion transported out on apical side into the cell through an OAT transporter
what is the equation for excretion?
filtration - reabsorption + secretion
what is the equation for clearance rate?
excretion rate / amount in plasma
what is the equation for excretion rate?
urine volume * urine creatine
what is special about inulin and creatine?
only FILTERED
what happens if clearance rate is less than GFR? greater than? equal to?
less than GFR = reabsorbed
more than GFR = secreted
equal to GFR = filtered
what is the pathway for urination (micturation)?
- stretch in bladder
- SC
- parasymp -> bladder contracts -> internal sphincter opens
- inhibitory neuron -> signal blocked -> external sphincter relax
- urination
how is the medullary gradient created?
LOH & vasa recta fluids move in opposite direction
-descending LOH = water leaves -> blood
-ascending LOH = solute leaves and stays in interstitial fluid
how does ADH/vasopressin affect water?
promotes water reabsorption
-concentrated urine
-secreted by posterior pituitary
what is the pathway of ADH/vasopressin?
- ADH acts on collecting duct receptor
- cAMP pathway
- inserts aquaporins on apical MB
- water enters and leaves on basolateral side
- water enters blood
what triggers ADH/vasopressin?
low BP (low blood volume)
high osmolarity
how does aldosterone impact Na+, H2O, and K+?
Na+ & H2O reabsorption
K+ secretion
-secreted by the adrenal cortex
what is the pathway of aldosterone?
- aldosterone acts on principle cells
- alters channels on MB
- Na+ enters blood
- K+ enters nephron
what triggers aldosterone?
high K+
low osmolarity
low BP
how does RAAS impact Na+ and H2O?
Na+ & H2O reabsorption
what is the pathway of RAAS?
- low BP
- symp NS acts constricts and acts on granular cells
- renin is released and goes to blood
- angiotensinogen -> angiotensin 1
- angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2 (ACE)
- constriction
- increase BP
how does naturetic peptide (ANP) impact Na+ and H2O?
Na+ & H2O secretion
what is the pathway of ANP?
- increase BP
- increase stretch
- ANP release
- overall decreases BP
what causes dehydration?
low volume
low BP
high osmolarity
what is the dehydration pathway?
- low BP
- increase symp NS -> constrict
- decrease in GFR
- increase RAAS
- inhibit adrenal cortex (stop the increase in osmolarity)
what are examples of the ICF mechanisms of buffers?
cellular proteins
phosphate
ammonia
what are examples of the ECF mechanism of buffers?
bicarbonate
how does low pH affect the respiratory system?
leads to hyperventilation (decrease CO2)
what is respiratory acidosis? respiratory alkalosis?
acidosis = high H+ & HCO3-, low pH -> caused by hypovent
alkalosis = low H+ & HCO3-, high pH -> caused by hypervent
what is metabolic acidosis? metabolic alkalosis?
acidosis= = high H+, low HCO3- & pH -> leads to hypervent
alkalosis = low H+, high HCO3- & pH -> leads to hypo
