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Integrated Physiology > Exam 4: Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what four things are blood vessels composed of?

A

endothelium
elastic tissue
smooth muscle
fibrous tissue

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2
Q

what are arteries composed of?

A

all four!!
-most elastic vessel
-thickest wall

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3
Q

what are arterioles composed of?

A

endothelium & smooth muscle

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4
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

single layer of endothelium
-sits on top of basal lamina

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5
Q

what are venules composed of?

A

endothelium & fibrous tissue

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6
Q

what are veins composed of?

A

all four!!

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7
Q

which of the four vessels is known as a volume reservior?

A

veins
-holds more than 1/2 of the bodies blood

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8
Q

which of the four vessels is known as a pressure reservoir?

A

arteries
-can stretch & eject blood

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9
Q

which vessel has the thickest wall?

A

arteries

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10
Q

which vessel is the main site of regulation? how is it regulated?

A

arterioles
-vasoconstriction & vasodilation
-contains a precapillary sphincter

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11
Q

what does a precapilary sphincter do?

A

control movement in & out of capillary beds
-helps change diameter
-OPEN: increase blood amount (blood goes to capillaries)
-CLOSED: decrease blood amount (blood goes to venous system)

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12
Q

which vessel has the smallest diameter?

A

capillaries

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13
Q

which vessel has the lowest velocity?

A

capillaries

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14
Q

which vessel contains pericytes? what are they?

A

capillaries
-contractile cells that surround capillaries to control leakiness
-more pericytes = less leaky

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15
Q

which vessel contains valves to ensure 1-way flow?

A

veins

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16
Q

which vessel has the lowest pressure?

A

veins

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17
Q

which vessel makes up the majority of vessels in the body?

A

veins

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18
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

synthesis of new blood vessels
-wound healing, uterine lining
-occurs in malignant tumors

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19
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

how strong blood moves through vessels

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20
Q

how blood pressure created?

A

through ventricular contraction
-semilunar valves open and eject blood into arteries
-arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls, then recoils

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21
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

TOP (120)
-aortic pressure during ventricular contraction

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22
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

BOTTOM (80)
-aortic pressure during ventricular relaxation

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23
Q

how is BP measured?

A

sphygmomanometer
-cuts off blood flow & then released to make an aggressive flow
-first set of noise = systolic pressure
-silence after noise = diastolic pressure

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24
Q

what is pulse?

A

how many times the heart beats
-ventricular ejection

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25
Q

what is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

systole - diastole

EX: 120-80 = 40mmHg

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26
Q

what is considered hypotension?

A

less than 90/60

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27
Q

what is considered hypertension?

A

over 140/90

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28
Q

what is arteriole pressure?

A

driving pressure for blood flow

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29
Q

what is the equation for MAP?

A

diastole + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

EX: 80 + 1/3 (40) = 93.3mmHg

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30
Q

what is MAP proportional to?

A

CO & R

31
Q

should MAP be closer to a systolic pressure or diastolic pressure?

A

diastolic
-longer period of relaxation than contraction

32
Q

as blood volume increases, what happens to BP?

A

BP increases

33
Q

how to you compensate when BP is high?

A

vasodilation
-decreases R
-decreases MAP
-decreases BP

decrease CO
-decreases HR & SV
-decreases MAP
-decreases BP

34
Q

what organ regulates BP?

A

kidneys
-more water will decrease BP

35
Q

is there more kidney excretion or reabsorption when BP is high?

A

excretion
-get rid of excess water

36
Q

what three things are considered vasoconstrictors?

A

NE (alpha receptors)
vasopressin
angiotensin 2 (AGT2)

37
Q

what five things are considered vasodilators?

A

E (beta2 receptors)
NO
low O2 (high CO2, high K+, high H+)
histamine
natriuretic peptides (ANP)

38
Q

what does myogenic autoregulation do?

A

adjusts blood flow in smooth muscle w/o any outside influences
-it can do it on it’s own

39
Q

what are the steps of myogenic autoregulation?

A
  1. increase BP
  2. increase stretch
  3. activate mechanoreceptors (cation channels)
  4. depolarization
  5. opens Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ enters from ECF and SR
  6. Ca2+ binds calmodulin
  7. activate myosin light chains
  8. muscle contracts -> vasoconstriction
40
Q

what is active hyperemia?

A

increased blood flow due to increases metabolism
-tissues are more active due to vasodilation

41
Q

what is reactive hyperemia?

A

increased blood flow due to occlusion (blockage)
-causes vasodilators to activate

42
Q

why is blood flow altered?

A

so blood goes to organs in higher metabolic need

43
Q

how are arterioles arranged?

A

parallel

44
Q

what is arteriole flow dependent on?

A

resistance
-if one has more resistance, blood is shunted to the other

45
Q

if the heart works harder, what happens to coronary flow?

A

coronary flow increases

46
Q

what happens when O2 is low in the body?

A

vasodilators activate to decrease R = increase blood flow

47
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

-mechanoreceptor
-tonically active
-found in the carotid arteries and aorta

48
Q

what is the CVCC?

A

in the medulla oblongata
-control center in CNS that controls BP

49
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex when BP is decreasing?

A
  1. decreasing BP
  2. decrease firing rate of baroreceptor
  3. sensory neurons
  4. CVCC
  5. increase SYMP (alpha receptors, vasoconstriction)
  6. decrease PARASYMP
  7. overall increase in BP
50
Q

what happens when BP is decreasing and one arteriole is constricted but we want to keep it constricted?

A

we can change a single variable
-changing CO will bring the BP back to normal without altering resistance

51
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension?

A

occurs when you go from a lying position to a standing position
-BP decreases due to a redistribution of blood in the body
-triggers baroreceptor reflex
-extensive bedrest can make the reflex less effective

52
Q

what happens the amount of capillaries when theres an increases metabolic activity?

A

more capillaries

53
Q

what are continuous capillaries?

A

MAJORITY
-have small pores
-passes solutes, gases, glucose
-does NOT pass proteins, cells

54
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries?

A

-have medium size pores
-more fluid can pass through
-found in kidneys and small intestine

55
Q

what are sinusoid capillaries?

A

-have large pores
-proteins and cells can pass
-found in bone marrow, liver, spleen

56
Q

why do capillaries have the lowest velocity?

A

due to the several branches that creates a larger area
-allows for easier diffusion

57
Q

what is diffusion?

A

moves small solutes
-bigger the conc. gradient = faster diffusion

58
Q

what is transcytosis?

A

moves large solutes
-uses vesicular transports

59
Q

what is bulk flow?

A

movement of fluid due to hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

60
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure? (P(H))

A

pressure exerting on walls
-POSITIVE net pressure

61
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure? (pie)

A

plasma proteins in capillaries
-NEGATIVE net pressure

62
Q

which one, hydrostatic or osmotic pressure, does filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure
-flow OUT of capillary
-higher at arterial end
-usually larger

63
Q

which one, hydrostatic or osmotic pressure, does absorption?

A

colloid osmotic pressure
-flow INTO capillary
-higher at venous end
-attracts water
-constant at both ends!!!

64
Q

what does the lymphatic system do for the circulatory system?

A

returns fluid that is lost at capillaries
-contains white blood cells

65
Q

what is lymph?

A

no RBC
-fluid

66
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

collections of white blood cells
-start immune response

67
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

elevated cholesterol (not water soluble)
-must be combined with lipoproteins to be in the body

68
Q

what is HDL-C?

A

GOOD
-decreases atherosclerosis
-removes LDL-C

69
Q

what is LDL-C?

A

BAD
-accumulates b/w endothelium and other layers
-turns into plaque in the vessels = occlusion

70
Q

what is primary hypertension?

A

no clear cause
-genetic

71
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

due to another dysfunction in the body (kidney, endocrine)

72
Q

what does hypertension do to the body?

A

increases afterload to overall increase BP

73
Q

what are four ways you can treat hypertension?

A

block AGT2
block Ca2+ channels
diuretics (more excretion)
beta blockers

Integrated Physiology (23 decks)

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